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Tissue level of organization Flashcards

1
Q

Tissue

A

A group of cells that usually have a common origin in an embryo and function together to carry out specialized activities

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2
Q

Histology

A

Study of tissue

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3
Q

Pathologist

A

Physician who examines cells and tissues to help other physicians make accurate diagnoses

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4
Q

Epithelial tissue

A
  • covers surfaces because cells are in contact
  • lines hollow organs
  • forms glands
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5
Q

Connective tissue

A
  • material found between cells
  • protects organs
  • binds structures together
  • stores energy as fat
  • provides immunity to disease
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6
Q

Muscle tissue

A
  • cells shorten to produce movement

- generates heat

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7
Q

Nerve tissue

A
  • conduct electrical signals
  • detects changes inside/outside of body
  • responds with nerve impulses
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8
Q

3 germ layers within the embryo

A
  1. endoderm
  2. mesoderm
  3. ectoderm
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9
Q

Tissue derivations

A
  • epithelium from all 3 germ layers
  • connective tissue and muscle from mesoderm
  • nerve tissue from ectoderm
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10
Q

Ectoderm

A
  • sweat glands, hair follicles
  • lining of mouth/anus
  • cornea and lens of eye
  • nervous system
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11
Q

Mesoderm

A
  • skeletal, muscular, and excretory systems

- lining of body cavity

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12
Q

Endoderm

A
  • lining of digestive tract and respiratory system

- liver, pancreas, thymus

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13
Q

Tight junctions

A

Web like strands of transmembrane proteins that fuse together the outer surfaces of plasma membranes to seal off passageways between cells
-stomach, intestines, bladder

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14
Q

Adherens junction

A

Dense layer of proteins on the inside of the plasma membrane that attaches to the membrane proteins and microfilaments

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15
Q

Cadherins

A

Transmembrane glycoproteins

-partially cross the intercellular space and connects to caherins of adjacent (neighboring) cell

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16
Q

Desmosomes (similar to adherens)

A
  • attach to intermediate filaments and keratin

- found in epidermis and cardiac cells

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17
Q

Hemidesmosomes

A
  • resemble half a desmosomes but do not link cells

- link to basement layer

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18
Q

Gab junctions

A

Membrane proteins called connexins form tiny fluid filled tunnels called connexons that connect neighboring cells
-connected but separated by a gap

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19
Q

Epithelial tissue fuctions

A
  • protection, filtration, secretion, absorption
  • forms special organs

Selective barrier (aids transfer of substances into/out of body)

Secretory surface (releases products produced by the cells onto its free surface)

Protective surface (resists the abrasive influence of the environment)

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20
Q

Apical surface

A
  • epithelial tissue

- faces the body surface, a body cavity, or a duct that receives cell secretions

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21
Q

Lateral surface

A
  • epithelial tissue
  • face the adjacent cells on either side
  • tight junctions, adherens, desmosomes, and gap junctions
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22
Q

Basal surface

A
  • epithelia tissue
  • deepest layer
  • cells adhere to extracellular materials (basement membrane)
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23
Q

Basal lamina

A
  • basement membrane
  • from epithelial cells
  • contains laminin, collagen fibers, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans
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24
Q

Reticular lamina

A
  • basement membrane
  • closer to connective tissue cells
  • collagen and fibroblasts
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25
Basement membrane
-holds cells to connective tissue
26
Basement membrane function
- attaching/ supporting overlying epithelial tissue - migrate during growth - restrict passage of large molecules - participate in filtration of blood in kidneys
27
Epithelial tissue and injury
High rate of cell division allows it to repair and regenerate
28
Covering and lining epithelium
- epidermis of skin - lining of blood vessels/ducts - lining respiratory, reproductive, urinary, and GI tract
29
Glandular epithelium
- secreting portion of glands | - Thyroid, adrenal, and sweat glands
30
Simple (Classification of Epithelium)
One layer thick (secretion, diffusion)
31
Stratified (Classification of Epithelium)
Many cell layers thick (wear and tear)
32
Pseudostratified (Classification of Epithelium)
Single layer of cells where all cells don't reach apical surface (nuclei)
33
Squamous (Classification of Epithelium)
Flat (rapid passage)
34
Cuboidal (Classification of Epithelium)
Cube-shaped; as tall as wide (microvilli)
35
Columnar (Classification of Epithelium)
Tall column; taller than they are wide (protection)
36
Transitional (Classification of Epithelium)
Shape varies with tissue stretching (urinary bladder)
37
Simple squamous
Single layer of flat cells that are in direct contact with eachother - lines blood vessels and blood cavities - thin (controls diffusion, osmosis, and filtration) - nuclei centrally located
38
Simple cuboidal
Single layer of cubed cells - nuclei centrally located - thyroid gland, kidneys - secretion and absorption
39
Simple columnar
Single layer of column cells - two types 1. nonciliated 2. ciliated
40
Simple nonciliated columnar
Columnar epithelial cells with microvilli and goblet cells - microvilli: fingerlike; increase SA - goblet cells: secrete mucus; lubricant
41
Simple ciliated columnar
Cilia- beat together | ex: upper respiratory and fallopian tubes
42
Pseudostratified columnar
-appear to have more than 1 layer lungs= ciliated vas deferens= non ciliated
43
Stratified squamous
Layers: - apical= flat - deep= cuboidal - basal= grow Keratinized- tough protein that protects tissues Non keratinized- no keratin
44
Stratified cuboidal + function
Rare | -function: protection and limited role in secretion and absorption
45
Stratified columnar + function
Rare | -function: protection and secretion
46
Transitional epithelium + form
- only in urinary system | - form: relaxed (stratified cuboidal) and stretched (stratified squamous)
47
Glandular epithelium
- function= secretion - consists of single cell or group of cells that DIRECTLY secrete substances into ducts, onto a service, or into the blood - far reaching effects because distributed throughout the body
48
Exocrine glands
Secrete their products into ducts that empty onto the surface of a covering (skin surface) - limited effect: some would be harmful to bloodstream - mixed glands: pancreas, ovaries, testes
49
Merocrine
Most glands - cells release their products by exocytosis - saliva, digestive enzymes, and sweat
50
Apocrine
- smelly sweat and milk | - upper part of cell possibly pinches off and dies
51
Holocrine
Oil gland | -whole cells die and rupture to release their products
52
Connective tissue functions
- binds other body tissues - protects internal organs - compartmentalizes - transport system - location of stored energy - source of immune response
53
Parts of connective tissue
- extracellular matrix (protein fibers and ground substance) | - cells
54
Connective tissue features
- highly vascular (except cartilage and tendons) | - innervated (except cartilage)
55
Blast type cells
Retain ability to divide and produce matrix | -fibroblasts, chondroblasts, and osteoblasts
56
Cyte type cells
Mature cell that can not divide or produce matrix | -chondrocytes and osteocytes
57
Connective tissue cells
- Blast - Cyte - Fibroblasts - Plasma cells - Mast cells - Adipocytes - White blood cells
58
Fibroblasts
- large, flat cells with branching processes - present in all connective tissues - secrete fibers and ground substances of extracellular matrix
59
Macrophages
- develop from monocytes - engulf bacteria and debris by phagocytosis - fixed and wandering
60
Plasma cells
- develop from B lymphocytes - produce antibodies that fight against foreign substances - found everywhere but high concentrations in GI and respiratory tracts
61
Mast cells
- abundant alongside the BV that supply connective tissues - produce histamine that dilate small BV - Can bind to, ingest and kill bacteria
62
Adipocytes
Store fat (fat cells)
63
Leukocytes
- not found in high # in normal connective tissue | - in response to certain conditions they migrate from blood into connective tissue
64
CT extracellular matrix
- ground substance | - fibers
65
Connective tissue ground substance
- supports cells and fibers - helps determine consistency - contains many large molecules
66
Hyaluronic acid
Thick, viscous, and slippery
67
Chondroitin sulfate
Jellylike substance providing support
68
Keratan sulfate
Bone, cartilage, and cornea
69
Adhesion proteins (fibronectin)
Binds collagen fibers to ground substance
70
3 types of connective tissue fibers
1. collagen 2. elastin 3. reticular
71
Collagen
- 25% of protein in your body - tough, resistant, yet pliable - formed from the protein collagen
72
Elastin
- lungs, blood vessels, ear cartilage - smaller diameter fibers formed from protein elastin surrounded by glycoprotein - can stretch to 150% of relaxed length
73
Reticular tissue fibers
- spleen and lymph nodes - thin, branched fibers that form framework of organs - formed from collagen arranged in bundles with a coating of glycoprotein
74
Embryonic connective tissue
- mesenchyme | - mucous
75
Mesenchyme
- irregularly shaped cells - in semifluid ground substance with reticular fibers - gives rise to all other types
76
Mucous
- star shaped cells in jelly like ground substance | - umbilical cord
77
Mature connective tissue
- loose - dense - cartilage - bone - blood - lymph
78
Loose connective tissue
- loosely woven fibers throughout tissue | - types: areolar, adipose, reticular
79
Loose tissue: reticular
- fine interlacing - binds smooth muscles - removes old blood cells and microbes
80
Areolar
- widely distributed | - strength, elasticity, support
81
Adipose
- store triglycerides - thermal/ support and protect organs - energy
82
Dense connective tissue
- more fibers present but fewer cells | - types: regular, irregular, elastic
83
Dense regular (white fibrous)
- collagen fibers in parallel bundles with fibroblasts between bundles of collagen fibers - white, tough, pliable when unstained
84
Dense irregular
- collagen fibers are irregularly arranged- interwoven - tissue can resist tension - very tough - white of eyeball, dermis of skin, pericardium
85
Elastic connective tissue
- branching elastic fibers and fibroblasts - stretches and returns to original shape - lung tissue, vocal cords, ligament between vertebrae
86
Blood
Connective tissue with a liquid matrix | -water, nutrients, wastes, enzymes
87
Blood cell types
- red blood cells: transport - white blood cells: immunity allergic reactions - platelets: clotting
88
Lymph
- interstitial fluid being transported in lymphatic vessels - less protein than plasma - move cells and substances from one part of the body to another
89
Cartilage
Dense network of collagen and elastin fibers firmly embedded in chondroitin sulfate - very strong - no nerves or BV - inactive - types: hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic
90
Hyaline cartilage
- bluish shiny white rubbery substance - chondrocytes sit in spaces called lacunae - no blood vessels so repair is slow - reduces friction at joints as articular cartilage
91
Fibrocartilage
- many more collagen fibers causes rigidity and stiffness | - strongest type of cartilage
92
Elastic cartilage
- elastic fibers help maintain shape | - ear, nose, vocal
93
Interstitial growth
- chondrocytes divide and form | - occurs in childhood and adolescence
94
Appositional growth
- chondroblasts secrete matrix onto surface | - produces increase in width
95
Spongy bone (cancellous)
- spongelike with spaces and trabeculae - trabeculae= struts of bone surrounded by red bone marrow - no osteons (cell organization)
96
Compact bone (cortical)
- solid, dense bone | - basic unit of structure is osteaon
97
Bone (osseous) tissue
Protects, provides for movement, stores minerals, site of blood formation
98
Compact bone (haversian system)
- lamellae - lacunae - canaliculi - central canal
99
Lamellae
- concentric rings - hardness, compressive strength - Ca and P give it hardness - interwoven collagen fibers provide strength
100
Lacunae
Small spaces between lamellae- osteocytes
101
Canaliculi
- network of canals containing osteocytes | - travel place for nutrients and waste
102
Central (haversian) canal
Blood vessels and nerves
103
Membrane
Sheets of pliable tissue that cover part of the body | -consists of epithelial layer
104
Types of membranes
- mucous - serous - synovial - cutaneous
105
Mucous membrane
Lines a body cavity open to the outside (mouth, GI tract) - epithelial cells form a barrier to microbes - tight junctions - keeps surface moist
106
Serous membrane
Lines a body cavity not open to outside (chest) | -simple squamous cells overlying loost CT layer
107
Types of serous membranes
Parietal- lines the cavity wall | Visceral- adheres to organs
108
Synovial membrane
Lines joint cavities of all freely movable joints - not open to the outside - no epithelial cells
109
Muscle tissue
Cells that shorten and create force - provide us with motion, posture, and heat - skeletal, cardiac, smooth
110
Skeletal muscle
Cells are long cylinders with many peripheral nuclei - visible light and dark (striated) - voluntary
111
Cardiac muscle
Cells are branched cylinders with one central nuclei - involuntary and striated - communicate through intercalated discs and desmosomes
112
Smooth muscle
Spindle shaped cells with a single central nuclei - walls of hollow organs - involuntary and nonstriated
113
Nerve tissue + structure
Consists of nerve cells and neuroglial cells | -structure: cell body, dendrites, axon
114
Tissue repair: homeostasis
- replacement of worn out, dead, or damaged - epithelial= good - muscle= poor - nervous= bad
115
Regeneration
- parenchymal cells are active | - produce same type of cells
116
Fibrosis
- fibroblasts are active | - produces scar tissue
117
Aging
``` Epithelial= thinner Connective= more fragile Muscular= loss of skeletal muscle, mass, and strength ```

Anatomy (2 decks)

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