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Anatomy > Tissue level of organization > Flashcards

Tissue level of organization Flashcards

1
Q

Tissue

A

A group of cells that usually have a common origin in an embryo and function together to carry out specialized activities

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2
Q

Histology

A

Study of tissue

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3
Q

Pathologist

A

Physician who examines cells and tissues to help other physicians make accurate diagnoses

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4
Q

Epithelial tissue

A
  • covers surfaces because cells are in contact
  • lines hollow organs
  • forms glands
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5
Q

Connective tissue

A
  • material found between cells
  • protects organs
  • binds structures together
  • stores energy as fat
  • provides immunity to disease
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6
Q

Muscle tissue

A
  • cells shorten to produce movement

- generates heat

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7
Q

Nerve tissue

A
  • conduct electrical signals
  • detects changes inside/outside of body
  • responds with nerve impulses
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8
Q

3 germ layers within the embryo

A
  1. endoderm
  2. mesoderm
  3. ectoderm
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9
Q

Tissue derivations

A
  • epithelium from all 3 germ layers
  • connective tissue and muscle from mesoderm
  • nerve tissue from ectoderm
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10
Q

Ectoderm

A
  • sweat glands, hair follicles
  • lining of mouth/anus
  • cornea and lens of eye
  • nervous system
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11
Q

Mesoderm

A
  • skeletal, muscular, and excretory systems

- lining of body cavity

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12
Q

Endoderm

A
  • lining of digestive tract and respiratory system

- liver, pancreas, thymus

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13
Q

Tight junctions

A

Web like strands of transmembrane proteins that fuse together the outer surfaces of plasma membranes to seal off passageways between cells
-stomach, intestines, bladder

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14
Q

Adherens junction

A

Dense layer of proteins on the inside of the plasma membrane that attaches to the membrane proteins and microfilaments

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15
Q

Cadherins

A

Transmembrane glycoproteins

-partially cross the intercellular space and connects to caherins of adjacent (neighboring) cell

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16
Q

Desmosomes (similar to adherens)

A
  • attach to intermediate filaments and keratin

- found in epidermis and cardiac cells

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17
Q

Hemidesmosomes

A
  • resemble half a desmosomes but do not link cells

- link to basement layer

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18
Q

Gab junctions

A

Membrane proteins called connexins form tiny fluid filled tunnels called connexons that connect neighboring cells
-connected but separated by a gap

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19
Q

Epithelial tissue fuctions

A
  • protection, filtration, secretion, absorption
  • forms special organs

Selective barrier (aids transfer of substances into/out of body)

Secretory surface (releases products produced by the cells onto its free surface)

Protective surface (resists the abrasive influence of the environment)

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20
Q

Apical surface

A
  • epithelial tissue

- faces the body surface, a body cavity, or a duct that receives cell secretions

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21
Q

Lateral surface

A
  • epithelial tissue
  • face the adjacent cells on either side
  • tight junctions, adherens, desmosomes, and gap junctions
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22
Q

Basal surface

A
  • epithelia tissue
  • deepest layer
  • cells adhere to extracellular materials (basement membrane)
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23
Q

Basal lamina

A
  • basement membrane
  • from epithelial cells
  • contains laminin, collagen fibers, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans
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24
Q

Reticular lamina

A
  • basement membrane
  • closer to connective tissue cells
  • collagen and fibroblasts
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25
Q

Basement membrane

A

-holds cells to connective tissue

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26
Q

Basement membrane function

A
  • attaching/ supporting overlying epithelial tissue
  • migrate during growth
  • restrict passage of large molecules
  • participate in filtration of blood in kidneys
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27
Q

Epithelial tissue and injury

A

High rate of cell division allows it to repair and regenerate

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28
Q

Covering and lining epithelium

A
  • epidermis of skin
  • lining of blood vessels/ducts
  • lining respiratory, reproductive, urinary, and GI tract
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29
Q

Glandular epithelium

A
  • secreting portion of glands

- Thyroid, adrenal, and sweat glands

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30
Q

Simple (Classification of Epithelium)

A

One layer thick (secretion, diffusion)

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31
Q

Stratified (Classification of Epithelium)

A

Many cell layers thick (wear and tear)

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32
Q

Pseudostratified (Classification of Epithelium)

A

Single layer of cells where all cells don’t reach apical surface (nuclei)

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33
Q

Squamous (Classification of Epithelium)

A

Flat (rapid passage)

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34
Q

Cuboidal (Classification of Epithelium)

A

Cube-shaped; as tall as wide (microvilli)

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35
Q

Columnar (Classification of Epithelium)

A

Tall column; taller than they are wide (protection)

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36
Q

Transitional (Classification of Epithelium)

A

Shape varies with tissue stretching (urinary bladder)

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37
Q

Simple squamous

A

Single layer of flat cells that are in direct contact with eachother

  • lines blood vessels and blood cavities
  • thin (controls diffusion, osmosis, and filtration)
  • nuclei centrally located
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38
Q

Simple cuboidal

A

Single layer of cubed cells

  • nuclei centrally located
  • thyroid gland, kidneys
  • secretion and absorption
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39
Q

Simple columnar

A

Single layer of column cells

  • two types
    1. nonciliated
    2. ciliated
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40
Q

Simple nonciliated columnar

A

Columnar epithelial cells with microvilli and goblet cells

  • microvilli: fingerlike; increase SA
  • goblet cells: secrete mucus; lubricant
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41
Q

Simple ciliated columnar

A

Cilia- beat together

ex: upper respiratory and fallopian tubes

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42
Q

Pseudostratified columnar

A

-appear to have more than 1 layer
lungs= ciliated
vas deferens= non ciliated

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43
Q

Stratified squamous

A

Layers:

  • apical= flat
  • deep= cuboidal
  • basal= grow

Keratinized- tough protein that protects tissues
Non keratinized- no keratin

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44
Q

Stratified cuboidal + function

A

Rare

-function: protection and limited role in secretion and absorption

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45
Q

Stratified columnar + function

A

Rare

-function: protection and secretion

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46
Q

Transitional epithelium + form

A
  • only in urinary system

- form: relaxed (stratified cuboidal) and stretched (stratified squamous)

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47
Q

Glandular epithelium

A
  • function= secretion
  • consists of single cell or group of cells that DIRECTLY secrete substances into ducts, onto a service, or into the blood
  • far reaching effects because distributed throughout the body
48
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Secrete their products into ducts that empty onto the surface of a covering (skin surface)

  • limited effect: some would be harmful to bloodstream
  • mixed glands: pancreas, ovaries, testes
49
Q

Merocrine

A

Most glands

  • cells release their products by exocytosis
  • saliva, digestive enzymes, and sweat
50
Q

Apocrine

A
  • smelly sweat and milk

- upper part of cell possibly pinches off and dies

51
Q

Holocrine

A

Oil gland

-whole cells die and rupture to release their products

52
Q

Connective tissue functions

A
  • binds other body tissues
  • protects internal organs
  • compartmentalizes
  • transport system
  • location of stored energy
  • source of immune response
53
Q

Parts of connective tissue

A
  • extracellular matrix (protein fibers and ground substance)

- cells

54
Q

Connective tissue features

A
  • highly vascular (except cartilage and tendons)

- innervated (except cartilage)

55
Q

Blast type cells

A

Retain ability to divide and produce matrix

-fibroblasts, chondroblasts, and osteoblasts

56
Q

Cyte type cells

A

Mature cell that can not divide or produce matrix

-chondrocytes and osteocytes

57
Q

Connective tissue cells

A
  • Blast
  • Cyte
  • Fibroblasts
  • Plasma cells
  • Mast cells
  • Adipocytes
  • White blood cells
58
Q

Fibroblasts

A
  • large, flat cells with branching processes
  • present in all connective tissues
  • secrete fibers and ground substances of extracellular matrix
59
Q

Macrophages

A
  • develop from monocytes
  • engulf bacteria and debris by phagocytosis
  • fixed and wandering
60
Q

Plasma cells

A
  • develop from B lymphocytes
  • produce antibodies that fight against foreign substances
  • found everywhere but high concentrations in GI and respiratory tracts
61
Q

Mast cells

A
  • abundant alongside the BV that supply connective tissues
  • produce histamine that dilate small BV
  • Can bind to, ingest and kill bacteria
62
Q

Adipocytes

A

Store fat (fat cells)

63
Q

Leukocytes

A
  • not found in high # in normal connective tissue

- in response to certain conditions they migrate from blood into connective tissue

64
Q

CT extracellular matrix

A
  • ground substance

- fibers

65
Q

Connective tissue ground substance

A
  • supports cells and fibers
  • helps determine consistency
  • contains many large molecules
66
Q

Hyaluronic acid

A

Thick, viscous, and slippery

67
Q

Chondroitin sulfate

A

Jellylike substance providing support

68
Q

Keratan sulfate

A

Bone, cartilage, and cornea

69
Q

Adhesion proteins (fibronectin)

A

Binds collagen fibers to ground substance

70
Q

3 types of connective tissue fibers

A
  1. collagen
  2. elastin
  3. reticular
71
Q

Collagen

A
  • 25% of protein in your body
  • tough, resistant, yet pliable
  • formed from the protein collagen
72
Q

Elastin

A
  • lungs, blood vessels, ear cartilage
  • smaller diameter fibers formed from protein elastin surrounded by glycoprotein
  • can stretch to 150% of relaxed length
73
Q

Reticular tissue fibers

A
  • spleen and lymph nodes
  • thin, branched fibers that form framework of organs
  • formed from collagen arranged in bundles with a coating of glycoprotein
74
Q

Embryonic connective tissue

A
  • mesenchyme

- mucous

75
Q

Mesenchyme

A
  • irregularly shaped cells
  • in semifluid ground substance with reticular fibers
  • gives rise to all other types
76
Q

Mucous

A
  • star shaped cells in jelly like ground substance

- umbilical cord

77
Q

Mature connective tissue

A
  • loose
  • dense
  • cartilage
  • bone
  • blood
  • lymph
78
Q

Loose connective tissue

A
  • loosely woven fibers throughout tissue

- types: areolar, adipose, reticular

79
Q

Loose tissue: reticular

A
  • fine interlacing
  • binds smooth muscles
  • removes old blood cells and microbes
80
Q

Areolar

A
  • widely distributed

- strength, elasticity, support

81
Q

Adipose

A
  • store triglycerides
  • thermal/ support and protect organs
  • energy
82
Q

Dense connective tissue

A
  • more fibers present but fewer cells

- types: regular, irregular, elastic

83
Q

Dense regular (white fibrous)

A
  • collagen fibers in parallel bundles with fibroblasts between bundles of collagen fibers
  • white, tough, pliable when unstained
84
Q

Dense irregular

A
  • collagen fibers are irregularly arranged- interwoven
  • tissue can resist tension
  • very tough
  • white of eyeball, dermis of skin, pericardium
85
Q

Elastic connective tissue

A
  • branching elastic fibers and fibroblasts
  • stretches and returns to original shape
  • lung tissue, vocal cords, ligament between vertebrae
86
Q

Blood

A

Connective tissue with a liquid matrix

-water, nutrients, wastes, enzymes

87
Q

Blood cell types

A
  • red blood cells: transport
  • white blood cells: immunity allergic reactions
  • platelets: clotting
88
Q

Lymph

A
  • interstitial fluid being transported in lymphatic vessels
  • less protein than plasma
  • move cells and substances from one part of the body to another
89
Q

Cartilage

A

Dense network of collagen and elastin fibers firmly embedded in chondroitin sulfate

  • very strong
  • no nerves or BV
  • inactive
  • types: hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic
90
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A
  • bluish shiny white rubbery substance
  • chondrocytes sit in spaces called lacunae
  • no blood vessels so repair is slow
  • reduces friction at joints as articular cartilage
91
Q

Fibrocartilage

A
  • many more collagen fibers causes rigidity and stiffness

- strongest type of cartilage

92
Q

Elastic cartilage

A
  • elastic fibers help maintain shape

- ear, nose, vocal

93
Q

Interstitial growth

A
  • chondrocytes divide and form

- occurs in childhood and adolescence

94
Q

Appositional growth

A
  • chondroblasts secrete matrix onto surface

- produces increase in width

95
Q

Spongy bone (cancellous)

A
  • spongelike with spaces and trabeculae
  • trabeculae= struts of bone surrounded by red bone marrow
  • no osteons (cell organization)
96
Q

Compact bone (cortical)

A
  • solid, dense bone

- basic unit of structure is osteaon

97
Q

Bone (osseous) tissue

A

Protects, provides for movement, stores minerals, site of blood formation

98
Q

Compact bone (haversian system)

A
  • lamellae
  • lacunae
  • canaliculi
  • central canal
99
Q

Lamellae

A
  • concentric rings
  • hardness, compressive strength
  • Ca and P give it hardness
  • interwoven collagen fibers provide strength
100
Q

Lacunae

A

Small spaces between lamellae- osteocytes

101
Q

Canaliculi

A
  • network of canals containing osteocytes

- travel place for nutrients and waste

102
Q

Central (haversian) canal

A

Blood vessels and nerves

103
Q

Membrane

A

Sheets of pliable tissue that cover part of the body

-consists of epithelial layer

104
Q

Types of membranes

A
  • mucous
  • serous
  • synovial
  • cutaneous
105
Q

Mucous membrane

A

Lines a body cavity open to the outside (mouth, GI tract)

  • epithelial cells form a barrier to microbes
  • tight junctions
  • keeps surface moist
106
Q

Serous membrane

A

Lines a body cavity not open to outside (chest)

-simple squamous cells overlying loost CT layer

107
Q

Types of serous membranes

A

Parietal- lines the cavity wall

Visceral- adheres to organs

108
Q

Synovial membrane

A

Lines joint cavities of all freely movable joints

  • not open to the outside
  • no epithelial cells
109
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Cells that shorten and create force

  • provide us with motion, posture, and heat
  • skeletal, cardiac, smooth
110
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Cells are long cylinders with many peripheral nuclei

  • visible light and dark (striated)
  • voluntary
111
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Cells are branched cylinders with one central nuclei

  • involuntary and striated
  • communicate through intercalated discs and desmosomes
112
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Spindle shaped cells with a single central nuclei

  • walls of hollow organs
  • involuntary and nonstriated
113
Q

Nerve tissue + structure

A

Consists of nerve cells and neuroglial cells

-structure: cell body, dendrites, axon

114
Q

Tissue repair: homeostasis

A
  • replacement of worn out, dead, or damaged
  • epithelial= good
  • muscle= poor
  • nervous= bad
115
Q

Regeneration

A
  • parenchymal cells are active

- produce same type of cells

116
Q

Fibrosis

A
  • fibroblasts are active

- produces scar tissue

117
Q

Aging

A 
Epithelial= thinner
Connective= more fragile
Muscular= loss of skeletal  muscle, mass, and strength

Anatomy (2 decks)

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