Tissue Level Flashcards
The function of a certain part of an organ depends on what?
TISSUES
The 4 Primary Types of Tissues are:
- Nervous Tissue
- Muscle Tissue
- Epithelial Tissue
- Connective Tissue
The basic function of the 4 primary types of tissues are:
- Nervous Tissue
- control & communication - Muscle Tissue
- movement - Epithelial tissue
- line organs
- cover & protect the body - Connective Tissue
- provide support
What does Histology mean?
Histology is the study of tissues.
*derived from the word “Histos” = tissues and “Logia” = science
Who is the Father of Microbiology?
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
What are the 3 steps of viewing a specimen under a microscope?
- Preserve or Fix it
- Slice into thin sections
- Stain it
What is Carmine?
Carmine is a red dye derived from scales of crushed-up cochineal insects. It is used to examine different cellular structures.
The nervous system is made up of which type of tissues?
NERVOUS TISSUE
What are the 2 FUNCTIONS of the nervous tissue?
- Sensing stimuli
- Sending electrical impulses throughout the body
The 2 CELL TYPES of nervous tissues are known as?
NEURONS and GLIAL CELLS
What cell type is described as specialized building blocks that generate and conduct electrochemical nerve impulses?
NEURONS
This cell type provides support, insulation, and protection as well as tethering to blood vessels.
GLIAL CELLS
Every neuron is composed of what parts?
- Cell Body
- Dendrites
- Axon
This part is also known as Soma and it is the neuron’s life support which contains the nucleus, mitochondria, and DNA.
CELL BODY
What are dendrites and their function/s?
Dendrites are finger-like cells at the end of neurons that collect signals from other cells to send back to the soma.
What part of the neuron is known as the transmission cable which is responsible for carrying messages to other neurons, muscles, and glands?
AXON
What type of tissues are well-vascularized and are able to contract and move?
MUSCLE TISSUE
What are the 3 types of Muscle Tissue?
- Skeletal Muscle Tissue
- Cardiac Muscle Tissue
- Smooth Muscle Tissue
What are SKELETAL muscle tissue?
- long parallel cells
- multinucleated (multiple cells)
- has striations
- VOLUNTARY movement
- attached to bones
- pull on bones & skin to make movements
What are CARDIAC muscle tissues?
- branch-like cell structure
- uninucleated (one nucleus per cell)
- has striations
- INVOLUNTARY movement
- has intercalated disks = holds muscle cells during contraction
- cells divide and converge
What are SMOOTH muscle tissues?
- short & tapered cells
- uninucleated (one nucleus per cell)
- NO striations
- INVOLUNTARY movement
- lines walls of some blood vessels and hollow organs
- form tight-knit sheets
What are the differences between the skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle tissues in terms of striations, # of nucleus, movement, and cell shape?
of NUCLEUS
STRIATIONS
1. Skeletal = YES
2. Cardiac = YES
3. Smooth = NO
- Skeletal = MULTIPLE
- Cardiac = ONE
- Smooth = ONE
MOVEMENT
1. Skeletal = VOLUNTARY
2. Cardiac = INVOLUNTARY
3. Smooth = INVOLUNTARY
CELL SHAPE
1. Skeletal = LONG, PARALLEL
2. Cardiac = BRANCH-LIKE
3. Smooth = SHORT, TAPERED
What type of tissue lines, covers, and organizes the body?
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
What are the 2 types of Epithelial Tissues?
PROPER and GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM
What is the difference between proper/primary epithelium and glandular epithelium?
Proper/Primary Epithelium
- cover and lines outer and inner body
Glandular Epithelium
- forms glands and secrete hormones and other substances
TRUE or FALSE:
All epithelial tissues are AVASCULAR = NO blood supply
TRUE
Epithelial tissue rely on what type of tissues for what they need, such as blood supply?
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
What are the 2 basis of classifying epithelial tissue?
SHAPE and LAYERING
Enumerate and define the 3 types of epithelial tissues according to SHAPE.
- Squamous
- flat cells
- fast absorption & diffusion - Cuboidal
- cube-shaped cells
- absorption & production of secretions - Columnar
- tall, rectangular cells
- absorption & production of secretions
Enumerate and define the 3 types of epithelial tissues according to LAYERING.
- Simple Epithelium
- 1 layer of cells - Stratified Epithelium
- multiple layers of cells - Pseudostratified Epithelium
- ONLY 1 layer but looks like it has multiple
Define SIMPLE SQUAMOUS Epithelium.
- 1 layer of flat cells
- lines blood vessels, air sacs, etc.
Define SIMPLE CUBOIDAL Epithelium.
- 1 layer of cube-shaped epithelium
- typically found in glandular tissue and kidney tubules
Define SIMPLE COLUMNAR Epithelium.
- 1 layer of tall, rectangular cells
- specialized for absorption
- usually has apical cilia or microvilli
- lines stomach and intestines
Define STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS Epithelium.
- multiple layers of flat cells
- has protective functions
- found in the outer layer of skin
Define STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL Epithelium.
- multiple layers of cube-shaped cells
- found in excretory ducts of salivary and sweat glands
Define STRATIFIED COLUMNAR Epithelium.
- multiple layers of tall, rectangular cells
- found in mucous membranes (conjunctiva) lining eyelids
Define PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR Epithelium.
- 1 layer (looks like multiple) of tall, rectangular cells
- lines the upper respiratory tract
- has lots of cilia
TRUE or FALSE:
Epithelial Tissue DOES NOT regenerate quickly.
FALSE
Epithelial tissues are polar which means they have how many distinct sides?
2 Distinct sides
What are the 2 distinct sides of epithelial tissue?
APICAL (Upper) and BASAL (Inner)
What is the difference between the apical and basal sides?
APICAL
- exposed to outside of the body or what internal cavity it’s lining
BASAL
- tightly attached to basement membrane
What is the importance of the basement layer to the epithelial tissues?
The basement layer is a thin layer of collagen fibers that hold the epithelium and anchors it to the connective tissue
What are the 2 forms of Glandular Epithelium and their functions?
- Endocrine Glands
- secrete hormones into bloodstream or nearby cells - Exocrine Glands
- secrete juices into tubes or ducts that lead to outside of the body.
What genetic disorder is associated with the connective tissues which involves a defect in CT that weakens it over time?
MARFAN SYNDROME
Among the 4 types of tissues, which is the most abundant and diverse?
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
What are the 4 main classes/types of CT?
- Proper CT
- Cartilage CT
- Bone CT
- Blood CT
What are the 6 functions of Connective Tissues?
- Binding & supporting
- Protecting
- Insulating
- Storing reserve and fluid
- Transporting substances
- Movement
What is a type of Proper CT that provides insulation and fuel storage?
FAT (Adipose Tissue)
What are 3 factors that are common bet. all CT?
- Common Origin = Mesenchyme
- loose and fluid type of embryonic tissue - Different degrees of vascularity
- Composed of Extracellular Material
What are the 2 components of Extracellular Matrix?
GROUND SUBSTANCE and FIBERS
What is ground substance?
- main part of ECM
- watery, rubbery, unstructured material that fills space bet. cells
- composed of proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
What are proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans?
Proteoglycans
- proteins that acts as anchors of ground substance
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
- starchy strands linked to proteoglycans
What are fibers in ECM?
Provide support and structure to ground substance
What are the 3 types of Fibers?
- Collagens Fibers
- Elastic Fibers
- Reticular Fibers
What are the difference between collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers?
COLLAGEN
- strongest and most abundant
- support structures & anchors cells to each other
- strand of protein
ELASTIC
- longer & thinner
- forms a branching network
- stretches & recoils
- made from elastin
RETICULAR
- short, finer collagen fibers w/ glycoprotein
- form delicate, sponge-like networks that support organs
What are the 2 different phases of cells in CT and their functions?
- IMMATURE
- suffix = -blast
- specialized function = secrete ground substance and fibers to create the matrix
- ex. Chondroblasts (creates spongy tissue in cartilage) - MATURE
- suffix = -cyte
- function = maintains health of matrix
- may revert back to the blast cells to ce=reate new matrix
- ex. Chondrocyte
What are the 2 types of PROPER CT?
- LOOSE Connective Tissue
- DENSE Connective Tissue
What is the difference between Loose & Dense CT?
LOOSE CT
- FEWER Fibers
- MORE ground substance & cells
DENSE CT
- MORE Fibers; esp. collagen
What are the 3 types of LOOSE CT?
- Areolar Tissue
- Adipose Tissue
- Reticular Tissue
What is areolar tissue?
- most common
- loose & random arrangement of collagen and elastic fibers
- few fibroblast cells
- lots of open space = sponge for ground substance
What is adipose tissue?
- known as FAT tissue
- mostly cells = adipocytes (stores lipids & insulate body)
What is reticular tissue?
- loose & random arrangement of reticular fibers
- provides soft internal framework or stroma for spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow
- holds blood in place
What are the 3 types of DENSE CT?
- Regular Tissue
- Irregular Tissue
- Elastic Tissue
What is Regular tissue?
- full of tight bundles of parallel collagen fibers
- resistance to tension exerted in 1 direction
- found in TENDONS (muscle to bone) & LIGAMENTS (bone to bone)
What is Irregular tissue?
- thicker fibers arranged IRREGULARLY
- found where tension is exerted in diff. directions (like dermis)
What is Elastic tissue?
- found in places that require more ELASTICITY
> ex. joints & large artery walls
What type of connective tissue has no blood or nerves, but resists tension & compression?
CARTILAGE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
What are the 3 types of CARTILAGE CT?
- Hyaline Cartilage
- Elastic Cartilage
- Fibrocartilage
Define Hyaline Cartilage.
- most common
- provides pliable support
- ground substance is rich w/ proteoglycans
- glassy appearance due to invisible collagen fibers
What is the difference of Elastic Cartilage to Hyaline Cartilage?
- has MORE ELASTIC Fibers
- found in places where strength & stretchability are needed
What type of Cartilage CT is rich in thick collagen fibers and act as shock absorbers that withstand pressure?
FIBROCARTILAGE
What CT is also known as the Osseous Tissue?
BONE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Define Bone Tissue.
- calcified connective tissue
- support & protect body and organs
What are the 2 types of bone (osseous) tissue?
- Spongy bone tissue
- Compact bone tissue
What is the difference between Spongy & Compact bone tissue?
SPONGY BONE TISSUE
- typically in heads of long bones & inner layer of flat bones
- strong, but porous
> uses the space to make and store bone marrow
COMPACT BONE TISSUE
- dense = NO Spaces
- forms external layer of bones
- stores calcium for bone cells
What is the ground substance of Blood CT?
PLASMA (has protein fibers)
What is the main function of blood?
Its main function is delivering substances (such as cells, hormones, oxygen, carbon dioxide, etc.)
What are the 3 components of blood and their functions?
- Erythrocytes
- a.k.a. RED blood cells
- carry oxygen and carbon dioxide through body - Leukocytes
- a.k.a. WHITE blood cells
- fights infections - Platelets
- small cell fragments needed for blood clotting
