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Tissue Level Flashcards

1
Q

The function of a certain part of an organ depends on what?

A

TISSUES

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2
Q

The 4 Primary Types of Tissues are:

A
  1. Nervous Tissue
  2. Muscle Tissue
  3. Epithelial Tissue
  4. Connective Tissue
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3
Q

The basic function of the 4 primary types of tissues are:

A
  1. Nervous Tissue
    - control & communication
  2. Muscle Tissue
    - movement
  3. Epithelial tissue
    - line organs
    - cover & protect the body
  4. Connective Tissue
    - provide support
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4
Q

What does Histology mean?

A

Histology is the study of tissues.

*derived from the word “Histos” = tissues and “Logia” = science

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5
Q

Who is the Father of Microbiology?

A

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

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6
Q

What are the 3 steps of viewing a specimen under a microscope?

A
  1. Preserve or Fix it
  2. Slice into thin sections
  3. Stain it
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7
Q

What is Carmine?

A

Carmine is a red dye derived from scales of crushed-up cochineal insects. It is used to examine different cellular structures.

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8
Q

The nervous system is made up of which type of tissues?

A

NERVOUS TISSUE

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9
Q

What are the 2 FUNCTIONS of the nervous tissue?

A
  1. Sensing stimuli
  2. Sending electrical impulses throughout the body
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10
Q

The 2 CELL TYPES of nervous tissues are known as?

A

NEURONS and GLIAL CELLS

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11
Q

What cell type is described as specialized building blocks that generate and conduct electrochemical nerve impulses?

A

NEURONS

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12
Q

This cell type provides support, insulation, and protection as well as tethering to blood vessels.

A

GLIAL CELLS

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13
Q

Every neuron is composed of what parts?

A
  1. Cell Body
  2. Dendrites
  3. Axon
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14
Q

This part is also known as Soma and it is the neuron’s life support which contains the nucleus, mitochondria, and DNA.

A

CELL BODY

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15
Q

What are dendrites and their function/s?

A

Dendrites are finger-like cells at the end of neurons that collect signals from other cells to send back to the soma.

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16
Q

What part of the neuron is known as the transmission cable which is responsible for carrying messages to other neurons, muscles, and glands?

A

AXON

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17
Q

What type of tissues are well-vascularized and are able to contract and move?

A

MUSCLE TISSUE

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18
Q

What are the 3 types of Muscle Tissue?

A
  1. Skeletal Muscle Tissue
  2. Cardiac Muscle Tissue
  3. Smooth Muscle Tissue
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19
Q

What are SKELETAL muscle tissue?

A
  • long parallel cells
  • multinucleated (multiple cells)
  • has striations
  • VOLUNTARY movement
  • attached to bones
  • pull on bones & skin to make movements
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20
Q

What are CARDIAC muscle tissues?

A
  • branch-like cell structure
  • uninucleated (one nucleus per cell)
  • has striations
  • INVOLUNTARY movement
  • has intercalated disks = holds muscle cells during contraction
  • cells divide and converge
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21
Q

What are SMOOTH muscle tissues?

A
  • short & tapered cells
  • uninucleated (one nucleus per cell)
  • NO striations
  • INVOLUNTARY movement
  • lines walls of some blood vessels and hollow organs
  • form tight-knit sheets
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22
Q

What are the differences between the skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle tissues in terms of striations, # of nucleus, movement, and cell shape?

A

of NUCLEUS

STRIATIONS
1. Skeletal = YES
2. Cardiac = YES
3. Smooth = NO

  1. Skeletal = MULTIPLE
  2. Cardiac = ONE
  3. Smooth = ONE

MOVEMENT
1. Skeletal = VOLUNTARY
2. Cardiac = INVOLUNTARY
3. Smooth = INVOLUNTARY

CELL SHAPE
1. Skeletal = LONG, PARALLEL
2. Cardiac = BRANCH-LIKE
3. Smooth = SHORT, TAPERED

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23
Q

What type of tissue lines, covers, and organizes the body?

A

EPITHELIAL TISSUE

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24
Q

What are the 2 types of Epithelial Tissues?

A

PROPER and GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM

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25
Q

What is the difference between proper/primary epithelium and glandular epithelium?

A

Proper/Primary Epithelium
- cover and lines outer and inner body

Glandular Epithelium
- forms glands and secrete hormones and other substances

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26
Q

TRUE or FALSE:
All epithelial tissues are AVASCULAR = NO blood supply

A

TRUE

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27
Q

Epithelial tissue rely on what type of tissues for what they need, such as blood supply?

A

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

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28
Q

What are the 2 basis of classifying epithelial tissue?

A

SHAPE and LAYERING

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29
Q

Enumerate and define the 3 types of epithelial tissues according to SHAPE.

A
  1. Squamous
    - flat cells
    - fast absorption & diffusion
  2. Cuboidal
    - cube-shaped cells
    - absorption & production of secretions
  3. Columnar
    - tall, rectangular cells
    - absorption & production of secretions
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30
Q

Enumerate and define the 3 types of epithelial tissues according to LAYERING.

A
  1. Simple Epithelium
    - 1 layer of cells
  2. Stratified Epithelium
    - multiple layers of cells
  3. Pseudostratified Epithelium
    - ONLY 1 layer but looks like it has multiple
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31
Q

Define SIMPLE SQUAMOUS Epithelium.

A
  • 1 layer of flat cells
  • lines blood vessels, air sacs, etc.
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32
Q

Define SIMPLE CUBOIDAL Epithelium.

A
  • 1 layer of cube-shaped epithelium
  • typically found in glandular tissue and kidney tubules
33
Q

Define SIMPLE COLUMNAR Epithelium.

A
  • 1 layer of tall, rectangular cells
  • specialized for absorption
  • usually has apical cilia or microvilli
  • lines stomach and intestines
34
Q

Define STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS Epithelium.

A
  • multiple layers of flat cells
  • has protective functions
  • found in the outer layer of skin
35
Q

Define STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL Epithelium.

A
  • multiple layers of cube-shaped cells
  • found in excretory ducts of salivary and sweat glands
36
Q

Define STRATIFIED COLUMNAR Epithelium.

A
  • multiple layers of tall, rectangular cells
  • found in mucous membranes (conjunctiva) lining eyelids
37
Q

Define PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR Epithelium.

A
  • 1 layer (looks like multiple) of tall, rectangular cells
  • lines the upper respiratory tract
  • has lots of cilia
38
Q

TRUE or FALSE:
Epithelial Tissue DOES NOT regenerate quickly.

A

FALSE

39
Q

Epithelial tissues are polar which means they have how many distinct sides?

A

2 Distinct sides

40
Q

What are the 2 distinct sides of epithelial tissue?

A

APICAL (Upper) and BASAL (Inner)

41
Q

What is the difference between the apical and basal sides?

A

APICAL
- exposed to outside of the body or what internal cavity it’s lining

BASAL
- tightly attached to basement membrane

42
Q

What is the importance of the basement layer to the epithelial tissues?

A

The basement layer is a thin layer of collagen fibers that hold the epithelium and anchors it to the connective tissue

43
Q

What are the 2 forms of Glandular Epithelium and their functions?

A
  1. Endocrine Glands
    - secrete hormones into bloodstream or nearby cells
  2. Exocrine Glands
    - secrete juices into tubes or ducts that lead to outside of the body.
44
Q

What genetic disorder is associated with the connective tissues which involves a defect in CT that weakens it over time?

A

MARFAN SYNDROME

45
Q

Among the 4 types of tissues, which is the most abundant and diverse?

A

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

46
Q

What are the 4 main classes/types of CT?

A
  1. Proper CT
  2. Cartilage CT
  3. Bone CT
  4. Blood CT
47
Q

What are the 6 functions of Connective Tissues?

A
  1. Binding & supporting
  2. Protecting
  3. Insulating
  4. Storing reserve and fluid
  5. Transporting substances
  6. Movement
48
Q

What is a type of Proper CT that provides insulation and fuel storage?

A

FAT (Adipose Tissue)

49
Q

What are 3 factors that are common bet. all CT?

A
  1. Common Origin = Mesenchyme
    - loose and fluid type of embryonic tissue
  2. Different degrees of vascularity
  3. Composed of Extracellular Material
50
Q

What are the 2 components of Extracellular Matrix?

A

GROUND SUBSTANCE and FIBERS

51
Q

What is ground substance?

A
  • main part of ECM
  • watery, rubbery, unstructured material that fills space bet. cells
  • composed of proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
52
Q

What are proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans?

A

Proteoglycans
- proteins that acts as anchors of ground substance

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
- starchy strands linked to proteoglycans

53
Q

What are fibers in ECM?

A

Provide support and structure to ground substance

54
Q

What are the 3 types of Fibers?

A
  1. Collagens Fibers
  2. Elastic Fibers
  3. Reticular Fibers
55
Q

What are the difference between collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers?

A

COLLAGEN
- strongest and most abundant
- support structures & anchors cells to each other
- strand of protein

ELASTIC
- longer & thinner
- forms a branching network
- stretches & recoils
- made from elastin

RETICULAR
- short, finer collagen fibers w/ glycoprotein
- form delicate, sponge-like networks that support organs

56
Q

What are the 2 different phases of cells in CT and their functions?

A
  1. IMMATURE
    - suffix = -blast
    - specialized function = secrete ground substance and fibers to create the matrix
    - ex. Chondroblasts (creates spongy tissue in cartilage)
  2. MATURE
    - suffix = -cyte
    - function = maintains health of matrix
    - may revert back to the blast cells to ce=reate new matrix
    - ex. Chondrocyte
57
Q

What are the 2 types of PROPER CT?

A
  1. LOOSE Connective Tissue
  2. DENSE Connective Tissue
58
Q

What is the difference between Loose & Dense CT?

A

LOOSE CT
- FEWER Fibers
- MORE ground substance & cells

DENSE CT
- MORE Fibers; esp. collagen

59
Q

What are the 3 types of LOOSE CT?

A
  1. Areolar Tissue
  2. Adipose Tissue
  3. Reticular Tissue
60
Q

What is areolar tissue?

A
  • most common
  • loose & random arrangement of collagen and elastic fibers
  • few fibroblast cells
  • lots of open space = sponge for ground substance
61
Q

What is adipose tissue?

A
  • known as FAT tissue
  • mostly cells = adipocytes (stores lipids & insulate body)
62
Q

What is reticular tissue?

A
  • loose & random arrangement of reticular fibers
  • provides soft internal framework or stroma for spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow
  • holds blood in place
63
Q

What are the 3 types of DENSE CT?

A
  1. Regular Tissue
  2. Irregular Tissue
  3. Elastic Tissue
64
Q

What is Regular tissue?

A
  • full of tight bundles of parallel collagen fibers
  • resistance to tension exerted in 1 direction
  • found in TENDONS (muscle to bone) & LIGAMENTS (bone to bone)
65
Q

What is Irregular tissue?

A
  • thicker fibers arranged IRREGULARLY
  • found where tension is exerted in diff. directions (like dermis)
66
Q

What is Elastic tissue?

A
  • found in places that require more ELASTICITY
    > ex. joints & large artery walls
67
Q

What type of connective tissue has no blood or nerves, but resists tension & compression?

A

CARTILAGE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

68
Q

What are the 3 types of CARTILAGE CT?

A
  1. Hyaline Cartilage
  2. Elastic Cartilage
  3. Fibrocartilage
69
Q

Define Hyaline Cartilage.

A
  • most common
  • provides pliable support
  • ground substance is rich w/ proteoglycans
  • glassy appearance due to invisible collagen fibers
70
Q

What is the difference of Elastic Cartilage to Hyaline Cartilage?

A
  • has MORE ELASTIC Fibers
  • found in places where strength & stretchability are needed
71
Q

What type of Cartilage CT is rich in thick collagen fibers and act as shock absorbers that withstand pressure?

A

FIBROCARTILAGE

72
Q

What CT is also known as the Osseous Tissue?

A

BONE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

73
Q

Define Bone Tissue.

A
  • calcified connective tissue
  • support & protect body and organs
74
Q

What are the 2 types of bone (osseous) tissue?

A
  1. Spongy bone tissue
  2. Compact bone tissue
75
Q

What is the difference between Spongy & Compact bone tissue?

A

SPONGY BONE TISSUE
- typically in heads of long bones & inner layer of flat bones
- strong, but porous
> uses the space to make and store bone marrow

COMPACT BONE TISSUE
- dense = NO Spaces
- forms external layer of bones
- stores calcium for bone cells

76
Q

What is the ground substance of Blood CT?

A

PLASMA (has protein fibers)

77
Q

What is the main function of blood?

A

Its main function is delivering substances (such as cells, hormones, oxygen, carbon dioxide, etc.)

78
Q

What are the 3 components of blood and their functions?

A
  1. Erythrocytes
    - a.k.a. RED blood cells
    - carry oxygen and carbon dioxide through body
  2. Leukocytes
    - a.k.a. WHITE blood cells
    - fights infections
  3. Platelets
    - small cell fragments needed for blood clotting

anaphy reviewers (4 decks)

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