TISSUE AND BLOOD NEMATODES Flashcards
causes serous cavity filariasis in the abdomen.
mansonella
is one of the most
debilitating diseases plaguing many tropical
countries.
Lymphatic filariasis (LF)
Next to psychiatric illness, __
second leading cause of permanent and longterm disability, affecting both physical and
psychological aspects of the victim
Lymphatic filariasis (LF)
The two most common mosquito-borne
causative agents of LF are
Wuchereria bancrofti
Brugia malayi
A microfilaria measures 270 to 290 µm and is enclosed in a
hyaline sheath
Adult male and female W. bancrofti worms
are found tightly coiled in nodular dilated
nests__ in lymph vessels and
in sinuses of lymph glands.
(lymphangiectasia)
Individuals who grew up outside regions
endemic for these filarial parasites and who get
infected by them after migration to the endemic
regions may clinically present with __
“Expatriate
Syndrome.”
The syndrome is characterized by
clinical and immunologic hyper-responsiveness
to the mature or maturing worms.
“Expatriate
Syndrome.”
Filarial adult worms
cause parasite-induced lymphatic dilatation
(__); this is a common feature
of patent infection, though clinically apparent
lymphedema is rarely seen
lymphangiectasia
Another cardinal
feature of LF is ___, where
live filarial parasites or filarial antigens induce
lymphatic endothelial cell proliferation and
differentiation leading to collateralization.
lymphangiogenesis
A characteristic feature of chronic LF infection is ___
fibrosis and cellular hyperplasia
Lymphatic insufficiency leads to increase
susceptibility to opportunistic infections, and
result in
acute dermatolymphangioadenitis
Another potent inducer
of inflammation is exposure to __ that
is released by dead or dying worms.
Wolbachia
is the most common acute
manifestation of LF, defined as localized pain,
lymphadenitis and/or lymphangitis and/or
cellulitis and local warmth, with or without
systemic manifestations of fever, nausea, and
vomiting.
ADLA acute dermatolymphangioadenitis
The bacteria most frequently
associated with ADLA episodes are __
Group A
Streptococcus,
The most common chronic manifestation
of LF is __, which on progression
leads to elephantiasis
lymphedema
results in the
obstruction of the lymphatics of the tunica
vaginalis
Hydrocele or chylocele
is a common chronic
disease manifestation of Bancroftian filariasis
since W. bancrofti worms have been shown
ultrasonographically to prefer localization in
scrotal lymphatics
Hydrocele
Rupture of lymphatics in the kidney
may produce __.
chyluria
is a
classic example of occult filariasis in which the
typical clinical manifestations are not present,
and microfilaria are not found in the blood but
may be found in the tissues.
Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia (TPE)
In cases of low intensity infections,
filtration using a nucleopore filter or the __ for concentration may be used.
Knott’s
method
Detection
of ___ is now
the preferred method since it also detects
latent infections. This is mainly done with
immunochromatographic card tests.
circulating filarial antigens (CFA)
has been the drug of choice for
the treatment of lymphatic filariasis since its
discovery in 1948. It is effective against both
microfilaria and adult worms
Diethylcarbamazine
is a drug primarily used in
the treatment of onchocerciasis, loiasis, and
strongyloidiasis. It is also effective against
ectoparasites such as lice and scabies. Used in
LF, it is highly effective and well tolerated at
doses of 100 to 200 µg/kg for the reduction
of microfilaremia for up to 1 year.
Ivermectin
are similar to DEC but milder due to its
relatively slower parasite clearance. It has no
proven action against adult worms and TPE
Albendazole
__ and related antibiotics kill the
endosymbiont Wolbachia, which is essential
for growth, development, embryogenesis, and
survival of filarial worms.
Doxycycline
are important reservoir hosts
and may transmit the infection to humans
Cats
are the definitive hosts of P. cantonensis.
Rats
Common Name of Wuchereria bancrofti
Bancrofti filarian worm
Common Name of Brugia malayi
Malayan worm
Mosquito vectors of Wuchereria bancrofti
Anopheles flavirostris, Aedes poecillus, Mansoni spp
abnormal accumulation of lymph in tissues
Lymphedema
disabling and disfiguring lymphedema
Elephantiasis
fluid filled balloon-like enlargement of sacs
Hydrocele
mosquito vector of Brugia malayi
Mansoni spp
mosquito found in urban: abaca raising area
Aedes poecillus
mosquito found in rural: mountain/hills
Anopheles minimus flavirostris
Common name is African eyeworm
Loa loa
MOT of Loa loa
infective larvae in chrysops (mangofly) bite
Treatment of loa loa
Diethylcarbamazine
Vector of Loa loa
C. silacea, C. dimidiata
Disease caused by onchocerca volvulus
river blindness
MOT of onchocerca volvulus
larvae infested black fly bite
Treatment of onchocerca volvulus
Surgical removal and ivermectin
Common name of Angiostrongylus cantonensis
Rat lungworm
Disease caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis
Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis
intermediate host of Angiostrongylus cantonensis
slugs/snails, atchatina fulica
natural host of Angiostrongylus cantonensis
rattus rattus , rattus novergicus
unique feature of Angiostrongylus cantonensis
barber’s pole pattern
paratenic host of Angiostrongylus cantonensis
freshwater prawns and crabs
common name of dracunculus medinensis
Guineaworm
Cause of guinea worm disease
drinking water contaminated by water fleas (copepods)
longest nematode infecting human
dracunculus medinensis
painful burning sensation
fiery serpent
worm is damaged or broken during worm removal
putrefaction
