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PARASITOLOGY PRELIMS > CHAPTER 1: INTRO TO MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY > Flashcards

CHAPTER 1: INTRO TO MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

branch of zoology about parasites

Study of host-parasite relationship

study of parasite that infect human

A

Parasitology

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2
Q

benefits from the other

any organism that lives in or the body of another organism in order to survive.

A

Parasites/ Parasitos

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3
Q

animal parasite of humans and their medical significance

A

Clinical Parasitology

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4
Q

association of living organism

A

Symbiosis

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5
Q
  • any organism that harbors parasite
A

Host

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6
Q

3 SYMBIOSIS TYPES

A

Mutualism
Commensalism
Parasitism

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7
Q

works together

benefit from each other

association between organisms of different species is benefitted

A

mutualism

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8
Q

association between individuals of two species in which one species obtain food or benefit from other WITHOUT harming or benefitting the latter

A

Commensalism

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9
Q
  • one organism benefits at expense of parasite usually different species (host)
    may lead to injury of host
A

Parasitism

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10
Q

SIX PRIORITY DISEASES

A

Leprosy
Leishmaniasis
Trypnosomiasis
Filariasis
Schistosomiasis
Malaria

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11
Q

harboring species, may show no harmful effects or may suffer from various or functional and organic disorders

A

host

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12
Q

types of host

A

definitive, intermediate, reservoir, paratenic, accidental, vector

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13
Q

parasites attains sexual maturity

A

Definitive Host

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14
Q

harbors the asexual or larval stage of the parasite (may or may not be present in the lifecycle)

A

Intermediate Host

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15
Q

refers to the non-human final host of a parasite.

Necator Americanus
Schistosoma japonicum

A

Reservoir Host

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16
Q

usually have an ecological function since they can extend the normal host range of the parasite.

paragonimus westermani

A

Paratenic Host

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17
Q

are those organisms infected or infested by parasite which are not normally associated with them.

A

Accidental host

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18
Q

not a well-defined type of host, facilitate the transmission of a parasite from one infected host to another susceptibility host.

Mechanical vectors
Biological vectors

A

vectors

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19
Q

permanent association of two organisms that cannot exist independently.

A

Symbiosis

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20
Q

4 TYPES OF ASSOCIATIONS:

A

Commensalism
Mutualism
Parasitism
Phoresy

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21
Q

eating at the same table, neither harmed nor benefited (Shark and remora)

A

Commensalism

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22
Q

two organism mutually benefiting from each other like termites and flagelattes

A

Mutualism

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23
Q

includes any reciprocal association in w/c a species depends upon another for its existence
temporary
permanent

A

Parasitism

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24
Q

(to carry) in which one organism (smaller phoront) is mechanically carried or in another specie (host)

A

Phoresy

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25
Q

must always be in close contact with the host in order to survive, grow, reproduce, and infect a new host.

A

Obligatory

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26
Q

capable of reverting from a parasitic to free-living lifestyle and can live with/out the host

strongyloides stercoralis

A

Facultative

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27
Q

require continuous contact with their host to survive. (endoparasite)

A

Permanent parasite

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28
Q

associate closely with their host only to feed (ectoparasite)

A

Temporary (intermittent)

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29
Q

which enter hosts not normally theirs.
do not develop to full maturity (incompatibility)
sometimes establish themselves in their new host for a short period of time (toxocara canis)

A

Accidental/ Incidental

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30
Q

those which move out of normal habitat within their host ( A. lumbricoides)

A

Aberrant

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31
Q

organism which are taken in by accident and then passed out harmlessly of an unsuitable host.

A

Spurious

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32
Q

when parasite is located INSIDE the host refers to any of the internal visceral organs, gastro intestinal tract, RBC

a host parasitized by an __ is said to have an infection or be infected.

A

endoparasite

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33
Q

examples of endoparasites

A

Ascaris lumbricoides - lumen of S.I
Plasmodium falciparum - inside the human erythrocytes

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34
Q

when the parasite is located OUTSIDE or on the surface of the host’s body such as the skin or mucous membrane.

a host parasitized by an __ is said to have an infestation or be infeste

A

ectoparasite

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35
Q

examples of ectoparasites

A

Pediculus humanus - found on scalp
Sarcoptes scabiel - on the skin

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36
Q

live & multiply in the moist

A

Capnophilic

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37
Q

example of Capnophilic

A

protozoans

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38
Q

lives in RBCS

A

hematozoic

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39
Q

example of hematozoic

A

malaria

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40
Q

lives inside the cell

A

cytozoic

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41
Q

example of cytozoic

A

(tissues isospara hominis)

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42
Q

live in body cavities

A

Coelozoic

43
Q

example of Coelozoic

A

(mansorella perstans)

44
Q
  • live inside lumen of intestine
A

Enterozoic

45
Q

forever parasite; lives in a single host

A

Permanent parasite

46
Q

larval stage is different from adult stage

A

Periodic

47
Q
  • fix in an unusual habitat
A

Erratic

48
Q

example of obligatory relationship

A

ascaris lumbricoides

49
Q

example of facultative relationship

A

threadworm

50
Q

example of intermittent relationship

A

mosquito

51
Q

infects individual with underlying disease

A

Opportunistic

52
Q

Soil transmitted (4)

A

ascaris lumbricoides
trichuris trichuria
hookworms
strongyloides stercoralis

53
Q

Arthropod/ Vector transmitted (5)

A

malaria/ filarial worms
leishmania
trypanosomes
babesia
schistosome spp

54
Q

Food borne

A

taenia spp
trichenella spiralis
toxoplasma gondii
capillaria philippinensis
heterophyds
paragonimus westermanii
fasciolid

55
Q

Waterborne

A

amoeba
giardia lamblia
blastocytosis hominis
cryptosporidum spp
Cyclospora cayetanensis

56
Q

Sexual Intercourse -

A

trichomonas vaginalis

57
Q

Inhalation of air-borne eggs -

A

enterobius vermicularis

58
Q

Congenital transmission -

A

T. gondi

59
Q

Skin penetration -

A

Hookworm, S. Stercoralis

60
Q

a parasite that lives within a single host during the entire life cycle

A

Monoxenous

61
Q

a parasite that lives within more than one host during entire life cycle

A

Heteroxenous

62
Q

hermaphrodites; have complete set of sex organs

A

Monoecious

63
Q

sexes are separated

A

Dioecious

64
Q

TISSUE ASPIRATES

Liver

A

amoeba

65
Q

TISSUE ASPIRATES

Duodenal

A

strongy/giardia

66
Q

TISSUE ASPIRATES

Lymph nodes

A

leishmania, american trypanosomes

66
Q

TISSUE ASPIRATES

CSF

A

africa trypanosomes

67
Q

TISSUE ASPIRATES

Hydrocoele

A

microfilaria of bancrofti

68
Q

TISSUE BIOPSY

muscle

A

T. spiralis

69
Q

TISSUE BIOPSY

rectal

A

schistosomes

70
Q

TISSUE BIOPSY

lymph node

A

filarial worm

71
Q

TISSUE BIOPSY

skin

A

leishmaniasis

72
Q

occurrence and prevalence of disease
study the manner of spread of contagious disease

A

Epidemiology

73
Q

sudden inc. of infection

A

Epidemic

74
Q

certain infection present in low nos. but constantly present in the area

A

Endemic

75
Q

disease which spreads to severeal countries and affects a large number of people

A

pandemic

76
Q

allowing them to metabolize the nutrients from the host and store these for energy production

A

enzymatic action

77
Q

depriving the host of essential nutrients

A

Spollative action

78
Q

causes massive Intestinal bleeding (IDA)

A

Hookworm

79
Q

competes with its host Vit B12 (M. anemia)

A

D. latum

80
Q

possession of sickle-cell trait may confer some protection

A

P. falciparum

81
Q

presence of duffy blood factor increase the susceptibility of infections

A

P. vivax

82
Q

study of patterns, distribution, and occurrence of disease

A

Epidemiology

83
Q

no. of new cases of infection appearing in a population in a given period of time

A

Incidence

84
Q

is the number os individuals in a population estimated species at a given time

A

Prevalence

84
Q

percentage of individuals in a population infected with atleast one parasite

A

Cumulative prevalence

85
Q
  • refers to the no. of worms per person
A

Intensity of Infection

86
Q

STAGES IN LIFE CYCLE

A

Ovum
Egg
Embryo
Larva
Trophozoite
Cyst

87
Q

refers to practical measure that stop transmission cycle from the very root of its cause

A

prevention

88
Q

refers to the proportion of target population reached by an intervention

A

Coverage

89
Q

is a genetically transmitted loss of susceptibility to a drug in worm population that was previously sensitive to the appropriate therapeutic dose

A

Drug resistance

90
Q

is the effect of a drug against an infective agent in ideal experimental conditions and isolated from any context

A

Efficacy

91
Q

is a measure of the effect of a drug against an infective agent in a particular host

A

Effectiveness

92
Q
  • is the use of anthelminthic drugs in an Individual or PH program
A

Deworming

93
Q

refers to the no. of previously positive subjects found to be agg negative on examination of a stool

A

Cure rate

94
Q

is the % fall in egg counts after deworming based on examination of a stool

A

Egg reduction rate

95
Q

Individual-level deworming with selection for treatment based on a diagnosis of infection

A

Selective treatment

96
Q

group-level deworming where the group to be treated may be defined by age, ge, sex or social characteristics irrespective of infection status

A

Targeted treatment

97
Q

population-level deworming in w/c the community is treated irrespective of age, sex, infection status or other social characteristics

A

Universal treatment

98
Q

requires specific snail Intermediate host and condition that ensure host-parasite contact

A

trematodes

99
Q

__, can burrow into the mud, shielding itself from various molluscicides

A

Snail Ih of Schistosoma

100
Q

is the causative agent of one type of malaria In w/c the vector is a female mosquito of the genus Anopheles

A

P. falciparum

101
Q

causes mucocutaneous leishmaniasis - transmitted by sandflies.

A

Leishmania braziliensis

PARASITOLOGY PRELIMS (4 decks)

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