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Anatomy Lecture Exam 1 > Tissue > Flashcards

Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What is tissue?

A

A group of similar cells that work together
To perform a common function

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2
Q

What is histology

A

Study of tissues

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3
Q

Composition of epithelial tissue

A

Tightly packed cells with minimal extracellular matrix

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4
Q

Functions of epithelial tissue

A

Protection, absorption, filtration, secretion, sensory receptors

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5
Q

Subtypes of epithelial tissue

A

Simple
(Squamous,cuboidal, columnar, pseudostratified columnar)

Stratified
(Squamous, cuboidal,columnar, transistional)

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6
Q

Composition of connective tissue

A

Contains cells, protein fibers, and ground substance

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7
Q

Functions of connective tissue

A

Binds, supports, and protects other tissues and organs

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8
Q

Subtypes of connective tissue

A

Connective tissue proper
Loose (areolar, adipose, reticular)
Dense (regular, irregular, elastic)

Supporting connective tissue
Cartilage (hyaline elastic, fibrocartilage)
Bone

Fluid connective tissue
(blood, lymph)

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9
Q

Composition of muscle tissue

A

Cells that may be cylindrical, branching, or spindle-shaped; contain contractile proteins (myofilaments)

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10
Q

Functions of muscle tissue

A

Moves the skeleton, organ walls, or body structures; this tissue is contractile, conductive, elastic extensible, and excitable

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11
Q

Subtypes of muscle tissue

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

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12
Q

Composition of nervous tissue

A

Contains neurons and glial cells

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13
Q

Function of nervous tissue

A

Neurons transmit nerve impulses and process information, glial cells support, protect, and nourish neurons

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14
Q

Two main types of epithelial

A

Covering and lining- internal and external surfaces
Glandular- secretory tissue in glands

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15
Q

Cellularity of epithelial tissue

A

Closely packed cells with little to no ECM
Tight junctions and desmosomes

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16
Q

Polarity of epithelial tissue

A

Apical and basal surfaces

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17
Q

What supports epithelial tissue by the basement membrane

A

Connective tissue

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18
Q

Avascularity of epithelial tissue

A

Does NOT have its own blood supply

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19
Q

Innerverated of epithelial tissue

A

Rich nerve supply

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20
Q

Rate of regeneration of epithelial tissue

A

High, needs to constantly repair through mitosis

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21
Q

Apical surface of epithelial tissue has what 2 structures

A

Microvilli- projections that increase surface area
Cilia- help move things across surface (undulate)

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22
Q

What does the basal surface secrete

A

Basal lamina (part of basement membrane)
Composed of glycoproteins

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23
Q

What is the name of the underlying connective tissue under epithelial tissue? What does it do? And what does it produce?

A

Lamina propria
Physical and nutrient support, waste removal
Produces reticular lamina (apart of the basement membrane)

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24
Q

What 2 parts make up the basement membrane?

A

Basal lamina and reticular lamina

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25
Q

What is the basement membrane composed of

A

Glycoproteins and collagen
Noncellular

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26
Q

What does the basement membrane do

A

“Glues”
Determines what can pass through epithelial
Acts as scaffolding for cell migration in wound repair

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27
Q

2 types of stratified squamous

A

Keratinized
Nonkeratinized

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28
Q

What is simple epithelial best suited for

A

Absorption, secretion, diffusion

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29
Q

What is stratified epithelial best suited for

A

Protection

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30
Q

What is endothelium

A

Simple squamous epithelium lining blood vessels

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31
Q

What is mesothelium

A

Simple squamous portion of serous membranes

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32
Q

What does simple cuboidal form

A

Walls of many ducts and glands in the body

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33
Q

What are goblet cells and where can you find them

A

Cell producing mucus
Simple columnar epithelium

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34
Q

Where can you find non-ciliated and ciliated simple columnar epithelium

A

Non-ciliated - contains microvilli, lines digestive tract
Ciliated- lines bronchi and uterine tubes

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35
Q

Function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

Secretion and movement of mucus

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36
Q

Where is non-ciliated and ciliated pseudostratified columnar? Do they have goblet cells?

A

Non-ciliated - no goblet cell, lines sperm carrying ducts
Ciliated- has goblet cells, lines trachea and most upper respiratory tract

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37
Q

Where does cell regeneration occur in stratified epithelial

A

Basal layer

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38
Q

What is the most common type of stratified epithelium

A

Stratified squamous

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39
Q

Keratinized simple squamous epithelial tissue

A

Apical cells dead
Full of the protein keratin
Epidermis of skin

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40
Q

Non-Keratinized stratified squamous epithelial tissue

A

Apical cells alive
Lack the protein keratin
Mucous membranes

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41
Q

Where is stratified cuboidal? Stratified columnar?

A

Walls of exocrine gland ducts

Male urethra and some glandular ducts

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42
Q

What is a gland

A

Individual cell or organ that make and secrete substances that can be used elsewhere in the body or eliminated from the body

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43
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Ductless gland
Secrete products (hormones) into the blood

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44
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Secrete products into ducts (unless unicellular)
Ducts transport secretions onto body surfaces or into body cavities

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45
Q

Unicellular exocrine glands

A

No duct
Found in epithelial tissue, resp, digestive tract
Produce mucin
Ex. Goblet cell

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46
Q

Multicellular exocrine glands

A

Composed of duct and secretory unit (bulb)
Surrounded by supportive capsule of connective tissue

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47
Q

2 different ducts in multicellular gland

A

Simple- unbranded ducts
Compound- branched ducts

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48
Q

3 Shapes of secretory portion of multicellular glands

A

Tubular- same diameter as duct
Acinar- expanded sac
Tubuloacinar- both tubular and sac section

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49
Q

Merocrine

A

Merrily
Product packaged into vesicles and released by exocytosis

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50
Q

Apocrine

A

Apart
Accumulates product in apical side, apical surface pinches off, cell repairs and does again

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51
Q

Halocrine

A

Whole explode
Accumulates product in cell, whole cell bursts and separates, cell replaced with cell division

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52
Q

Four classes of connective tissue

A

Connective tissue proper
Cartilage (supporting C.T)
Bone (supporting C.T)
Blood (fluid C.T)

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53
Q

What is the most diverse and abundant tissue type

A

Connective tissue

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54
Q

Function of connective tissue

A

Supporting
Binding
Protecting
Transporting substances

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55
Q

What is the origin of connective tissue

A

Mesenchyme

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56
Q

What is connective tissue mostly made of

A

Non-living ECM

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57
Q

What is the matrix of connective tissue made of

A

Fibers
Ground substance

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58
Q

3 basic components of connective tissue

A

Cells
Protein fibers (collagen elastic reticular)
Ground substance

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59
Q

3 components of ground substance in ECM

A

Mostly water
Proteoglycans
Glycoproteins

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60
Q

What do proteoglycans in ground substance do

A

Attract water in varying amounts
Affecting viscosity

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61
Q

What do glycoproteins do in ground substance

A

Adhesion proteins
Attach and anchor cells and fibers

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62
Q

What fills space between cells and fibers

A

Ground substance

63
Q

3 types of fibers in ECM

A

Collagen
Elastic
Reticular

64
Q

Collagen fibers

A

Strongest
Most abundant
Unbranched
Provides high tensile strength

65
Q

Elastic fibers

A

Long
Thin
Allows for stretch and recoil

66
Q

Reticular fibers

A

Short
Thin
Branching fibers composed of diff. Types of collagen
Provide framework
Structure and support
Attachment point for cells

67
Q

Prefix of cell types: blast & cyte

A

Blast: immature cells that are mitotically active they produce ECM
Cyte: mature cells, maintain the matrix

68
Q

Where are these cells found: chondro, osteo, fibro

A

Chondro: cartilage
Osteo: bone
Fibro: connective tissue proper

69
Q

Resident cells

A

Stationary cells permanently within the tissue
Support, maintain, repair ECM

70
Q

Wandering cells

A

Continuously move throughout tissue
Components of immune system

71
Q

Breakdowns of connective tissue proper

A
  1. Loose connective tissue
    a. Areolar
    b. Adipose
    c. Reticular
  2. Dense connective tissue
    a. Dense regular
    b. Dense irregular
    c. Elastic
72
Q

Breakdowns of supporting connective tissue

A
  1. Cartilage (semisolid matrix)
    a. Hyaline cartilage
    b. Fibrocartilage
    c. Elastic cartilage
  2. Bone (solid matrix)
    a. Compact
    b. Spongy
73
Q

Breakdowns of fluid connective tissue

A
  1. Blood
  2. Lymph
74
Q

Function of connective tissue proper

A

Binds structures together

75
Q

Functions of supporting connective tissue

A

Provides physical protection or structural framework

76
Q

Function of fluid connective tissue

A

Transports substances

77
Q

Dominant resident cell in connective tissue proper

A

Fibroblasts

78
Q

Loose connective tissue

A

Fewer fibers
More ground substance
Fibers scattered
Packing material (holds things in place)

79
Q

What is the most abundant connective tissue

A

Loose connective tissue

80
Q

Dense connective tissue

A

More fibers
Less ground substance
Fiber densely packed

81
Q

Components of Areolar connective tissue

A

Has all 3 fibers
Gel like matrix

82
Q

Function of areolar connective tissue

A

Wraps/binds
Connects structures

83
Q

Where is areolar connective tissue

A

Under epithelial tissues of body
Surrounds organs
Papillary layer of dermis
Subcutaneous layer deep to the skin

84
Q

Components of adipose tissue

A

Similar matrix to areolar but more sparse
Closely packed adipocytes

85
Q

Function of adipose tissue

A

Energy storage
Insulation
Cushion/protection

86
Q

Location of adipose tissue

A

Subcutaneous (under skin)
Around organs
In abdomen and breasts

87
Q

Components of reticular connective tissue

A

Network of reticular fibers
Many white blood cells present

88
Q

Function of reticular connective tissue

A

Forms stroma
(Structural framework for cells of organs)

89
Q

Location of reticular connective tissue

A

Lymphoid organs
(Lymphatic system)

90
Q

Components of dense regular connective tissue

A

Abundant collagen fibers
Tight and Parallel fibers

91
Q

Functions of dense regular connective tissue

A

Resists tensile strength when force applied in 1 direction

92
Q

Location of dense regular connective tissue

A

Tendons and ligaments

93
Q

Which dense connective tissue has low vascularity and which has high vascularity

A

Low- dense regular connective tissue- slow healing
High- dense irregular connective tissue- quick healing

94
Q

Components of dense irregular connective tissue

A

Densely packed
Randomly arranged bundles of collagen fibers

95
Q

Function of dense irregular connective tissue

A

Resists tensile strength in many directions
Tough and durable

96
Q

Location of dense irregular connective tissue

A

Dermis of skin
Outer covering of bone and cartilage
Fibrous capsule of some organs and joints

97
Q

Components of Elastic connective tissue

A

Dense regular arrangement of collagen and elastic fiber
High portion of elastic fibers

98
Q

Function of elastic connective tissue

A

Stretch
Recoil

99
Q

Location of elastic connective tissue

A

Walls of large arteries
Vocal cords
Bronchial tubes

100
Q

Where do mature cells reside in cartilage

A

Lacunae

101
Q

Is cartilage vascular or a vascular

A

Avascular

102
Q

Components of cartilage

A

Firm
Semisolid ECM
Collagen and elastic fibers

103
Q

What is the most common type of cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage

104
Q

Components of hyaline cartilage

A

Firm matrix
Glassy ground substance
Non visible collagen fibers

105
Q

Function of hyaline cartilage

A

Support
Reinforcement
Cushioning

106
Q

Location of hyaline cartilage

A

Trachea
Embryonic joints
Rib cage
Joints
Nose
Larynx

107
Q

Most bones start off as what before ossifying

A

Hyaline cartilage

108
Q

Components of elastic cartilage

A

Similar to hyaline
Abundant elastic fibers
Closely packed chondrocytes
Less ground substance

109
Q

Function of elastic cartilage

A

Maintains shape while allowing great flexibility

110
Q

Location of elastic cartilage

A

External ear
Epiglottis

111
Q

Components of fibrocartilage

A

Similar to hyaline
Less firm
Thick irregularly arranged bundles of collagen fibers
Limited ground substances

112
Q

Function of fibrocartilage

A

Absorbs compression shock

113
Q

Location of fibrocartilage

A

Intervertebral discs of spine
Meniscus of knee

114
Q

Components of bone

A

Hard calcified matrix
Many collagen fibers

115
Q

T of F bone is highly vascularized

A

True

116
Q

Function of bone

A

Support
Protect
Stores nutrients
Triglyceride energy storage (yellow marrow)
Create all blood cells

117
Q

Function of blood

A

Transport of:
Resp gases
Nutrients
Waste

118
Q

Contractile proteins in muscle cell

A

Actin and myosin

119
Q

Name the muscle type: multinucletic, long cylindrical muscle fibers, parallel bundles, striations

A

Skeletal muscle

120
Q

Which muscle types are involuntary and voluntary

A

Voluntary: skeletal
Involuntary: cardiac & smooth

121
Q

Function of skeletal muscle

A

Movement of skeleton
Generate heat
Locomotion

122
Q

Location of skeletal muscle

A

Muscles attached to bones of skeleton

123
Q

Name the muscle type: short branching cells, intercalated discs, uninucleate, striation

A

Cardiac muscle

124
Q

Functions of cardiac muscle

A

Propels blood into circulation

125
Q

Location of cardiac muscle

A

Walls of heart

126
Q

Name the muscle type: spindle-shaped cells, uninucleate, lacks striations, forms sheets

A

Smooth muscle

127
Q

Function of smooth muscle

A

Propels substance through organs

128
Q

Location of smooth muscle

A

Walls of hollow organs
Iris of eye

129
Q

What are neurons

A

Nerve cells specialized to generate and conduct nerve impulses

130
Q

What are dendrites

A

Short
Numerous
Receive incoming signals

131
Q

What are axons

A

Single
Long extensions
Transmits outgoing signals

132
Q

What are glial cells

A

Supporting cells
Do not conduct impulses
Protect
Nourish
Support neurons

133
Q

Function of nervous tissue

A

Internal communication
Electrical signals from receptors to effectors
Regulates and controls body function

134
Q

Location of nervous tissue

A

Brain
Spinal cord
Nerves

135
Q

Regeneration of tissue repair

A

Same type of tissue replaces damaged tissue
Restores original tissue function

136
Q

Fibrosis tissue repair

A

Connective tissue replaces damaged tissue
Original tissue function lost

137
Q

When does fibrous tissue repair happen

A

When damage is too severe
Cells don’t have capacity to divide

138
Q

3 stages of tissue repair process

A
  1. Inflammation- sets the stage
  2. Organization- restores the blood supply
  3. Regeneration/Fibrosis- permanent repair
139
Q

Inflammation stage of tissue repair

A

Vessel bleeds
Inflammatory chemicals are released
Local blood vessels become more permeable
Clotting occurs

140
Q

Organization restore of tissue repair

A

Clot is replaced by granulation tissue, restores vascular supply
Fibroblasts produce collagen fibers that bridge gap
Macrophages phagocytize dead cells and other debris
Surface epithelial cells multiply and migrate over granulation tissue

141
Q

Regeneration/fibrosis of tissue repair

A

Fibrosed area matures and contracts, epithelium thickens
Fully regenerated epithelium with an underlying area of scar tissue results

142
Q

What tissue regenerates very well

A

Epithelial tissue
Bone
Areolar connective
Dense irregular connective
Blood-forming tissue

143
Q

Which tissues regenerate moderately

A

Smooth muscle
Dense regular connective

144
Q

Which tissues have no functional regenerative capacity

A

Cardiac muscle
Nervous tissue

145
Q

Membrane

A

Formed from an epithelial layer bound to an underlying connective tissue

146
Q

Cutaneous membrane

A

Skin
Largest membrane
Covers external body surface

147
Q

Mucous membrane

A

Lines body cavity open to the exterior
Ex. Digestive and respiratory tract

148
Q

Composition of mucous membrane

A

Epithelium
Underlying connective tissue

149
Q

Serous membrane

A

Lines body cavities closed to the exterior and surfaces or organs

150
Q

Composition of serous membrane

A

Simple squamous epithelium- mesothelium
Underlying connective tissue

151
Q

2 layers of serous membrane

A

Parietal layer
Visceral layer

152
Q

Serous cavity

A

Space between layers where fluid is secreted

153
Q

Serous fluid

A

Acts as lubricant that reduces friction

154
Q

Composition of cutaneous membrane

A

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Underlying connective tissue

Anatomy Lecture Exam 1 (2 decks)

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