Timeline of American Planning History (1785-2000) Flashcards
1
Q
Provided for the rectangular land survey of the Old Northwest. The rectangular survey has been called “the largest single act of national planning in our history and … the most significant in terms of continuing impact on the body politic”
A
Ordinance of 1785, Daniel Elazar
2
Q
Argues for protective tariffs for manufacturing industry as a means of promoting industrial development in the young republic.
A
Report on Manufactures, Alexander Hamilton, 1791
3
Q
Allocate federal funds to promote the development of the national economy by combining tariffs with internal improvements, such as roads, canals and other waterways
A
The American System, Henry Clay, 1818
4
Q
This artificial waterway connected the northeastern states with the newly settled areas of what was then the West, facilitating the economic development of both regions.
A
Erie Canal, 1825
5
Q
Terminates in Vandalia, Illinois. Begun in 1811 in Cumberland, Maryland, it helps open the Ohio Valley to settlers.
A
The National Road, 1839
6
Q
This multi-unit residential building first built in Manhattan.
A
Model Tenement, 1855
7
Q
Opened the lands of the Public Domain to settlers for a nominal fee and five years residence.
A
Homestead Act, 1862
8
Q
Congress authorizes land grants from the Public Domain to the states. Proceeds from the sale were to be used to found colleges offering instruction in agriculture, engineering, and other practical arts.
A
Morill Act, 1862
9
Q
This group mounts a campaign to raise housing and sanitary standards.
A
New York Council of Hygiene of the Citizens Association, 1864
10
Q
A planned suburban community stressing rural as opposed to urban amenities.
A
Riverside, IL, Frederick Law Olmsted & Calvert Vaux, 1868
11
Q
The Union Pacific and the Central Pacific railroads meet at Promontory Point, Utah, on May 10.
A
First transcontinental railroad, 1869
12
Q
This publication includes a proposed regional plan that would both foster settlement of the arid west and conserve scarce water resources.
A
Report on the Lands of the Arid Region of the United States, John Wesley Powell, 1878
13
Q
This influential book presents an argument for diminishing extremes of national wealth and poverty by means of a single tax (on land) that would capture the “unearned increment” of national development for public uses.
A
Progress and Poverty, Henry George, 1879
14
Q
A form of multifamily housing widely built in New York until the end of the century and notorious for the poor living conditions it imposed on its denizens (lack of light, air, space)
A
Dumbbell Tenement, 1879
15
Q
Group created to to survey and classify all Public Domain lands.
A
U.S. Geological Survey, 1879
16
Q
Model industrial town.
A
Pullman, IL, George Pullman, 1880-84
17
Q
Book demonstrating a powerful stimulus to housing and neighborhood reform.
A
How the Other Half Lives, Jacob Riis, 1890
18
Q
This gave President power to create forest preserves by proclamation.
A
General Land Law Revision Act, 1891
19
Q
This group founded to promote the protection and preservation of the natural environment. A Scottish-American naturalist, and a major figure in the history of American environmentalism, was the leading founder
A
Sierra Club, John Muir, 1892
20
Q
This commemorated the 400th anniversary of the discovery of the New World. A source of the City Beautiful Movement and of the urban planning profession.
A
World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago, 1893
21
Q
The first significant legal case concerning historic preservation. The U.S. Supreme Court rules that the acquisition of the national battlefield at Gettysburg served a valid public purpose.
A
United States v. Gettysburg Electric Railway Co., 1896
22
Q
Authorized some control by the Secretary of the Interior over the use and occupancy of the forest preserves.
A
Forest Management Act, 1897
23
Q
A source of the Garden City Movement. Reissued in 1902 as Garden Cities of Tomorrow.
A
Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform, by Ebenezer Howard, 1898
24
Q
This person becomes Chief Forester of the United States in the Department of Agriculture. From this position he publicizes the cause of forest conservation.
A
Gifford Pinchot, 1898
25
The legislative basis for the revision of city codes that outlawed tenements such as the "Dumbbell Tenement."
New York State Tenement House Law, Lawrence Veiller, 1901
26
Created fund from sale of public land in the arid states to supply water there through the construction of water storage and irrigation works.
U.S. Reclamation Act, 1902
27
First English Garden City and a stimulus to New Town movement in America (Greenbelt Towns, Columbia, etc.)
Letchworth, 1903
28
President Theodore Roosevelt appoints this to propose rules for orderly land development and management.
Public Lands Commission, 1903
29
First law to institute federal protection for preserving archaeological sites. Provided for designation as National Monuments areas already in the public domain that contained "historic landmarks, historic and prehistoric structures, and objects of historic or scientific interest."
Antiquities Act of 1906
30
Fostered movement to decentralize New York's dense population.
Founding of New York Committee on the Congestion of Population, Benjamin Marsh, 1907
31
President Roosevelt establishes this to encourage multipurpose planning in waterway development: navigation, power, irrigation, flood control, water supply.
Inland Waterway Commission, 1907
32
State governors, federal officials, and leading scientists assemble to deliberate about the conservation of natural resources.
White House Conservation Conference, 1908
33
First this in Washington D.C.
National Conference on City Planning, 1909
34
First metropolitan plan in the United States. (Key figures: Frederick A. Delano, Charles Wacker, Charles Dyer Norton.)
Plan of Chicago, Daniel Burnham, 1909
35
Possibly the first in this country is inaugurated in Harvard College's Landscape Architecture Department.
Course in city planning, 1909
36
This publication fountainhead of the efficiency movements in this country, including efficiency in city government.
The Principles of Scientific Management, Frederick Winslow Taylor, 1911
37
This is adopted as an eighth-grade textbook on City Planning by the Chicago Board of Education. Possibly the first formal instruction in city planning below the college level.
Wacker's Manual of the Plan of Chicago, Walter D. Moody, 1912
38
First of its kind in the U.S., is created in the University of Illinois's Department of Horticulture for one of the principal promoters of the World's Columbian Exposition.
Chair in Civic Design, Charles Mulford Robinson, 1913
39
The first major textbook on city planning.
Carrying Out the City Plan, Flavel Shurtleff, 1914
40
Waterway completed in Central America and opened to world commerce.
Panama Canal, 1914
41
Eventually the country's best known planning consultant, he becomes the first full-time employee in Newark, New Jersey, of a city planning commission.
Harland Bartholomew, 1914
42
"Father of Regional Planning" and mentor of Lewis Mumford, publishes this.
Cities in Evolution, Patrick Geddes, 1915
43
Nelson P. Lewis published this.
Planning of the Modern City, 1916
44
This adopted by New York City Board of Estimates under the leadership of these two people, one known as the "Father of Zoning."
Nation's first comprehensive zoning resolution, George McAneny and Edward Bassett, 1916
45
This established with sole responsibility for conserving and preserving resources of special value.
National Park Service, 1916
46
Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. becomes first president of this newly founded organization, forerunner of American Institute of Planners and American Institute of Certified Planners.
American City Planning Institute, 1917
47
Influenced later endeavors in public housing. Operated at major shipping centers to provide housing for World War I workers.
U.S. Housing Corporation and Emergency Fleet Corporation, 1918
48
Three early unifunctional regional authorities--the Metropolitan Sewerage Commission, the Metropolitan Water Board and the Metropolitan Park Commission--combined to form this.
The Boston Metropolitan District Commission, 1919
49
First historic preservation commission in the U.S.
New Orleans (Vieux Carre Commission), 1921
50
First of its kind in the United States. (Hugh Pomeroy, head of staff.)
Los Angeles County Regional Planning Commission, 1922
51
Inauguration of this under Thomas Adams.
Regional Plan of New York, 1922
52
Ground broken for construction of this city. Some of its features (short blocks, mixture of rental and owner-occupied housing) foreshadow the contemporary New Urbanism movement.
Mariemont, Ohio, Mary Emery (founder/benefactor) & John Nolen (planner), 1923
53
The first decision to hold that a land use restriction constituted a taking. The U.S. Supreme Court (Justice Brandeis dissenting) noted "property may be regulated to a certain extent, [but] if regulation goes too far it will be recognized as a taking," thus acknowledging the principle of a "regulatory taking."
Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahon, 1922
54
U.S. Department of Commerce under Secretary Herbert Hoover issues this.
Standard State Zoning Enabling Act, 1924
55
This planned neighborhood designed by Clarence Stein and Henry Wright, is built by City Housing Corporation under Alexander Bing in Queens, New York.
Sunnyside Gardens, 1924-28
56
Publication of this influential essays on regional planning this person and other members of the Regional Planning Association of America (e.g., Catherine Bauer).
"Regional Plan" issue of Survey Graphic, Lewis Mumford, 1925
57
First major American city officially to endorse a comprehensive plan.
Cincinatti, OH, Alfred Bettman, Ladislas Segoe, 1925
58
Model of urban structure and land use is published. This model contains a central business district at its core.
Concentric Zone, Ernest Burgess, 1925
59
In April, The American City Planning Institute and The National Conference on City Planning published Vol. 1, No. 1 of this.
City Planning, ancestor of present-day Journal of the American Planning Association, 1925
60
Constitutionality of zoning upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court.
Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty, Alfred Bettman, 1926
61
U.S. Department of Commerce under Secretary Herbert Hoover issues this.
Standard City Planning Enabling Act, 1928
62
This monograph is published in Volume I of The Regional Survey of New York and Its Environs. Viewed land use as a function of accessibility.
Major Economic Factors in Metropolitan Growth and Arrangement, Robert Murray Haig, 1928
63
Planned community inspired by Howard's Garden City concept. A forerunner of the New Deal's Greenbelt towns.
Radburn, NJ, Stein & Wright, 1928
64
Clarence Perry's monograph is published in Volume VII of The Regional Survey of New York and Its Environs.
The Neighborhood Unit, 1929
65
This authorized county boards "to regulate, restrict and determine the areas within which agriculture, forestry and recreation may be conducted."
Wisconsin law, first instance of rural zoning, 1929
66
In October, ushers in Great Depression and fosters ideas of public planning on a national scale.
Stock market crash, 1929
67
Three hundred agricultural experts deliberate on rural recovery programs and natural resource conservation convened in Chicago.
National Land Utilization Conference, 1931
68
This established to shore up shaky home financing institutions.
Federal Home Loan Bank System, 1932
69
This established at the outset of the Great Depression to revive economic activity by extending financial aid to failing financial, industrial, and agricultural institutions.
Reconstruction Finance Corporation, 1932
70
This begins with a spate of counter-depression measures.
New Deal, FDR, 1933
71
This established to save homeowners facing loss through foreclosure.
Home Owners Loan Corporation, 1933
72
This established in the Interior Department to assist in the preparation of a comprehensive plan for public works under the direction of these 3. Its last successor agency, the National Resources Planning Board, was abolished in 1943.
The National Planning Board, Frederick Delano, Charles Merriam, Wesley Mitchell, 1933
73
This established to provide work for unemployed youth and to conserve nation's natural resources.
Civilian Conservation Corps, 1933
74
This set up to organize relief work in urban and rural areas.
Federal Emergency Relief Administration, Harry Hopkins, 1933
75
This created to provide for unified and multipurpose rehabilitation and redevelopment of the Tennessee Valley, America's most famous experiment in river-basin planning.
Tennessee Valley Authority, Senator George Norris of Nebraska & David Lilienthal, 1933
76
This is passed to regulate agricultural trade practices, production, prices, supply areas (and therefore land use) as a recovery measure.
Agricultural Adjustment Act, 1933
77
This founded, an organization for planners, planning commissioners and planning-related public officials.
American Society of Planning Officials, 1934
78
Established this for insuring savings deposits and this program for insuring individual home mortgages.
National Housing Act, FSLIC & FHA established, 1934
79
This is passed, its purpose to regulate the use of the range in the West for conservation purposes.
Taylor Grazing Act, 1934
80
This published on the first year of existence of this association. Includes a section entitled "A Plan for Planning" and an account of the "Historical Development of Planning in the United States." The latter views American planning history in the context of U.S. political and economic history.
"Final Report," National Planning Board, 1934
81
This established under Rexford Tugwell, Roosevelt "braintruster," to carry out experiments in land reform and population resettlement. This agency built the three Greenbelt towns (Greenbelt, Maryland; Greendale, Wisconsin; Greenhills, Ohio) forerunners of present day New Towns: Columbia, Maryland; Reston, Virginia; etc.)
Resettlement Administration, 1935
82
Publication date of this, a landmark in regional planning literature.
Regional Factors in National Planning by the National Resources Committee, 1935
83
Congress moves to make prevention of soil erosion a national responsibility.
Soil Conservation Act, 1935
84
This requires the Secretary of the Interior to identify, acquire, and restore qualifying historic sites and properties and calls upon federal agencies to consider preservation needs in their programs and plans.
The Historic Sites, Buildings and Antiquities Act/National Historic Preservation Act, 1935
85
This passed to create a safety net for elderly. Frances Perkins, Secretary of Labor and first woman cabinet member, was a principal promoter.
Social Security Act, 1935
86
Congress authorizes construction of this. It is the largest concrete structure in the U.S. and the heart of the Columbia Basin Project, a regional plan comparable in its scope to TVA. The project's purposes are irrigation, electric power generation and flood control in the Pacific Northwest
Grande Coulee Dam in Central Washington State, 1935-1941
87
This constructed. Creates and sustains population growth and industrial development in Nevada, California, and Arizona.
Hoover Dam on the Colorado River, 1936
88
A landmark report by the Urbanism Committee of the National Resources Committee.
Our Cities: Their Role in the National Economy, Ladislas Segoe, 1937
89
Set the stage for future government aid by appropriating $500 million in loans for low-cost housing. Tied slum clearance to public housing.
U.S. Housing Act, Wagner-Steagall, 1937
90
This established, successor to the Resettlement Administration and administrator of many programs to aid the rural poor.
Farm Security Administration, 1937
91
The planning field's professional organization, states this: "... the planning of the unified development of urban communities and their environs, and of states, regions and the nation, as expressed through determination of the comprehensive arrangement of land uses and land occupancy and the regulation thereof."
The American Institute of Planners purpose, 1938
92
This influential concept of urban growth appears in his monograph, The Structure and Growth of Residential Neighborhoods in American Cities.
Homer Hoyt, Sector Theory, 1939
93
First of "Green Book" series, appears.
Local Planning Administration, Ladislas Segoe, 1941
94
Robert Walker's book published.
Planning Function in Urban Government, 1941
95
Bretton Woods (New Hampshire) Agreement. The U.S. and allies meet to establish this.
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank), 1944
96
Guaranteed loans for homes to veterans under favorable terms, thereby accelerating the growth of suburbs.
Serviceman's Readjustment Act ("G.I. Bill"), 1944
97
This created to coordinate federal government's various housing programs.
Housing and Home Financing Agency (predecessor of HUD), 1947
98
Construction of these 2 planned communities begun.
Park Forest, IL, and Levittown, NY, 1947
99
During his Harvard College commencement address he proposed this, the reconstruction of postwar Europe.
Marshall Plan, Secretary George C. Marshall, 1947
100
First U.S. comprehensive housing legislation. Aimed to construct about 800,000 units. Inaugurated urban redevelopment program.
Housing Act (Wagner-Ellender-Taft Bill) of 1949
101
This historic organization is created and chartered by Congress.
The National Trust for Historic Preservation, 1949
102
U.S. Supreme Court upholds right of Washington, D.C. Redevelopment Land Agency to condemn properties that are unsightly, though non-deteriorated, if required to achieve objectives of duly established area redevelopment plan.
Berman v. Parker,, 1954
103
U.S. Supreme Court upholds school integration.
Brown v. Board of Education (Topeka, Kansas), 1954
104
Stressed slum prevention and urban renewal rather than slum clearance and urban redevelopment as in the 1949 act. Also stimulated general planning for cities under 25,000 population by providing funds under Section 701 of the act. "701 funding" later extended by legislative amendments to foster statewide, interstate, and substate regional planning.
Housing Act of 1954
105
This movement begins in the Detroit area with the formation of a Supervisors' Inter-County Committee composed of the representatives of each county in southeastern Michigan for the purpose of confronting areawide problems. It soon spreads nationwide.
The Council of Government (COGS), 1954
106
Congress passes multibillion dollar this to create interstate highway system linking all state capitals and most cities of 50,000 population or more.
Federal Aid Highway Act, 1956
107
F. Stuart Chapin publishes this.
Urban Land Use Planning, 1957
108
A seminal, book-length inquiry into the "appropriate intellectual, practical and 'philosophical' basis for the education of city and regional planners ..."
Education for Planning, Harvey S. Perloff, 1957
109
This published in Journal of American Institute of Planners. The first approach to the definition of land-use classifications in multidimensional terms.
"Multiple Land Use Classification System," A. Guttenberg, 1959
110
Congress establishes this, with members from various branches of government. Serves primarily as a research agency and think tank in area of intergovernmental relations.
Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations (ACIR), 1959
111
This is born when a few department heads of planning schools get together at the annual ASIP conference to confer on common problems and interests regarding the education of planners.
American Collegiate Schools of Planning (ASCP), 1959
112
This is completed. This joint U.S.-Canada project created, in effect, a fourth North American seacoast, opening the American heartland to sea-going vessels.
St. Lawrence Seaway, 1959
113
This defines basic elements of city's "imageability" (paths, edges, nodes, etc.).
Image of the City, Kevin Lynch, 1960
114
This publication includes a critique of planning and planners.
The Death and Life of Great American Cities, Jane Jacobs, 1961
115
A hilarious book of cartoons poking fun at the planning profession by two of our own.
And On the Eighth Day, Richard Hedman and Fred Bair, 1961
116
This becomes first state to institute statewide zoning.
Hawaii, 1961
117
This represents the states of New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania and is created to foster joint management of the river's water resources.
Delaware River Basin Commission, 1961
118
This emerges in the Penn-Jersey Transportation Study.
Urban growth simulation model, 1962
119
This seminal article in AIP Journal lays basis for advocacy planning concept.
A Choice Theory of Planning, Paul Davidoff and Thomas Reiner, 1962
120
This is published and wakes the nation to the deleterious effects of pesticides on animal, plant and human life.
Silent Spring, Rachel Carson, 1962
121
The Fairfax County Board of Supervisors establishes Virginia's first residential planned community zone, clearing the way for the creation this full-scale, self-contained New Town 18 miles from Washington, D.C.
Reston, 1962
122
A new town situated about halfway between Washington and Baltimore, featuring some class integration and the neighborhood principle.
Columbia, MD, 1963
123
T.J. Kent publishes this.
The Urban General Plan, 1964
124
This outlaws discrimination based on race, creed, and national origin in places of public accommodation
Civil Rights Act, 1964
125
This indicts then-current urban renewal program as counterproductive to its professed aims of increased low- and middle-income housing supply.
The Federal Bulldozer, Martin Anderson, 1964
126
A study of the consequences for community life in a Boston West End Italian-American community, contributes to a change in urban policy.
The Urban Villagers, Herbert Gans, 1962
127
In a commencement speech at the University of Michigan, he declares war on poverty and urges congressional authorization of many remedial programs, plus the establishment of a cabinet-level agency.
Department of Housing and Community Development, President Lyndon Johnson, 1964
128
This conference is convened on May 24 and 25, owing much to the interest and advocacy of this First Lady.
White House Conference on Natural Beauty in America, Lady Bird Johnson, 1965
129
Housing and urban policy achieve cabinet status when the Housing and Home Finance Agency is succeeded by this. He becomes its first Secretary and nation's first African-American cabinet member.
Department of Housing and Urban Development, Robert Weaver, 1965
130
Congress passes this, authorizing Federal-Multistate river basin commissions.
Water Resources Management Act, 1965
131
This passes Congress. This act establishes the Economic Development Administration to extend coordinated, multifaceted aid to lagging regions and foster their redevelopment
Public Work and Economic Development Act, 1965
132
This establishes a region comprising all of West Virginia and parts of 12 other states, plus a planning commission with the power to frame plans and allocate resources.
Appalachian Regional Planning Act, 1965
133
This published, the first comprehensive history of American urban planning beginning with colonial times
The Making of Urban America, John Reps, 1965
134
This launched the "model cities" program, an interdisciplinary attack on urban blight and poverty. A centerpiece of President Lyndon Johnson's "Great Society" program.
Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act, 1966
135
This seminal historic preservation book, is published.
With Heritage So Rich, 1966
136
Establishes the National Register of Historic Places and provides, through its Section 106, for the protection of preservation-worthy sites and properties threatened by federal activities. This act also creates the national Advisory Council on Historic Preservation and directs that each state appoint a State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO).
National Historic Preservation Act, 1966
137
This provides protection to parkland, wildlife refuges, and other preservation-worthy resources in building national roads. Unlike parkland and wildlife refuges, however, privately owned historic sites as well as those in public ownership are protected.
Section 4(f) of the Department of Transportation Act, 1966
138
This reaches its 50th anniversary with a celebratory conference in Washington, D.C. Many of the earliest practitioners and founders of the profession attend together with eminent leaders of other professions.
The Planning Profession, 1967
139
This drops the final phrase in the 1938 AIP declaration of purpose which tied it to the comprehensive arrangement and regulation of land use. The effect is to broaden the scope and membership of the profession by including "social planners" as well as "physical planners."
"(Louis B.) Wetmore Amendment," 1967
140
To implement this, the Office of Management and Budget issues Circular A-95 requiring state and substate regional clearinghouses to review and comment on federally assisted projects to facilitate coordination among the three levels of government.
Intergovernmental Relations Act of 1968
141
Ian McHarg publishes his book, tying planning to the natural environment.
Design with Nature, 1969
142
This regulation requires this for every federal or federally aided state or local major action that might significantly harm the environment.
National Environmental Policy Act, "environmental impact statement," 1969
143
Mel Scott publishes this. Reissued in 1995 by the American Planning Association.
American City Planning Since 1890, 1969
144
First this, April 22
Earth Day, 1970
145
This organization is established to administer main provisions of the Clean Air Act (1970).
Federal Environment Protection Agency, 1970
146
This is adopted, the first such plan in the nation to allocate low- and moderate-income housing on a "fair share" basis.
Miami Valley (Ohio) Regional Planning Commission Housing Plan, 1970
147
AIP adopts this for professional planners
Code of Ethics, 1971
148
This adopted to establish a national policy and develop a national program for the management, beneficial use, protection, and development of the land and water resources of the Nation's coastal zones, and for other purposes.
Coastal Zone Management Act, 1972
149
General revenue sharing inaugurated under this.
U.S. State and Local Fiscal Assistance Act, 1972
150
In this, New York high court allows the use of performance criteria as a means of slowing community growth.
Golden v. Planning Board of Ramapo, 1972
151
Demolition of this symbolizes a nationwide move away from massive, isolating, high-rise structures to a more humane form of public housing architecture: low-rise, less isolated, dispersed.
St. Louis's notorious Pruitt-Igoe Project, 1972
152
Authorized Federal assistance to state and local jurisdictions to establish conservation programs for endangers plant and animal species.
Endangered Species Act, 1973
153
This replaces the categorical grant with the block grant as the principal form of federal aid for local community development.
The Housing and Community Development Act, 1974
154
This shifts emphasis from traditional land-use planning to advocacy planning.
Cleveland Policy Plan Report, 1975
155
Fund administered by the National Park Service.
Historic Preservation Fund, 1976
156
This for AIP membership conducted
First exam, 1977
157
U.S. Supreme Court upholds New York City's Landmark Preservation Law as applied to Grand Central Terminal. In this landmark decision, the Court found that barring some development of air rights was not a taking when the interior of the property could be
put to lucrative use.
Penn Central Transportation Co. v. City of New York, 438 U.S. 104, 1978
158
American Institute of Planners (AIP) and American Society of Planning Officials (ASPO) merge to become.
American Planning Association (APA), 1978
159
This begins. Planning profession challenged to adapt to a new (counter-New Deal) policy environment: reduced federal domestic spending, privatization, deregulation, etc. Phase-out of some earlier aids to planning (e.g., sewer grants) and planning programs (e.g., "Title V Regions").
"Reagan Revolution," 1980
160
This passed by Congress (Comprehensive Response, Compensation and Liability Act). Creates liability for persons discharging hazardous waste into the environment. Taxes polluting industries to establish a trust fund for the cleanup of polluted sites in cases where individual responsibility is not ascertainable.
Superfund Bill, 1980
161
This is established to represent the academic branch of the planning profession.
Associated Collegiate Schools of Planning (ACSP), 1980
162
ACSP issues Volume 1, Number 1 of this.
The Journal of Education and Planning Research, 1981
163
In a case focusing on Mt. Laurel, New Jersey, the New Jersey Supreme Court rules that all 567 municipalities in the state must build this. A precedent-setting blow against racial segregation.
Their "fair share" of affordable housing, 1983
164
Construction begins, one of the earliest examples of the New Urbanism. Unlike most earlier planned communities, the New Urbanism emphasizes urban features -- compactness, walkability, mixed use -- and promotes a nostalgic architectural style reminiscent of the traditional urban neighborhood. The movement has links to the anti-sprawl, smart growth movement.
Seaside, FL, Andres Duany and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk, 1984
165
This is convened in Columbus, Ohio and leads to the founding of the Society 0f American City and Regional Planning History (SACRPH) the following year
First National Conference on American Planning History, 1986
166
U.S. Supreme Court finds that even a temporary taking requires compensation.
First English Evangelical Lutheran Church v. County of Los Angeles, 1987
167
U.S. Supreme Court finds that land-use restrictions, to be valid, must be tied directly to a specific public purpose.
Nollan v. California Coastal Commission, 1987
168
This is recognized by the Washington-based Council on Post Secondary Education to be the sole accrediting agency in the field of professional planning education.
Planning Accreditation Board (PAB), 1989
169
Passage of this includes provisions for a National Scenic Byways Program and for transportation enhancements, each of which includes a historic preservation component.
Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA), 1991
170
U.S. Supreme Court limits local and state governments' ability to restrict private property without compensation.
Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council, 1992
171
This aims tax incentives, wage tax credits, special deductions, and low-interest financing to a limited number of impoverished urban and rural communities to jumpstart their economic and social recovery.
Enterprise Zone/Empowerment Community (EZ/EC), 1993
172
U.S. Supreme Court rules that a jurisdiction must show that there is a "rough proportionality " between the adverse impacts of a proposed development and the exactions it wishes to impose on the developer.
Dolan v. City of Tigard, 1994
173
This among U.S., Canada and Mexico begins on January 1, its purpose to foster trade and investment among the three nations by removing or lowering non-tariff as well as tariff barriers.
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 1994
174
American Institute of Certified Planners inaugurates this to recognize distinguished individual contributions by longer term AICP members.
College of Fellows, 1999
175
He creates 8 new national monuments in 5 western states: Canyons of the Ancients (Colorado); Cascade-Siskiyou (Oregon); Hanford Reach (Washington); Ironwood Forest, Grand Canyon-Parashant, Agua Fria (Arizona); Grand Sequoia, California Coastal (California). He also expanded one existing national monument in California (Pinnacles).
President Clinton, 2000
176
Disposal of Federal Property by the US Government.
Federal Property Administration Act of 1949
177
Gives churches and other religious institutions a way to avoid zoning law restrictions on their property use.
Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act (RLUIPA), 2000
