Timeline Flashcards
What did moves towards European Integration spring from during the 1929 Speech to the League of Nations?
1) Europe’s Realization of its own weakness
2)Possibility of renewed military conflict must be banished forever
3)Desire to create a better, freer, world with better international relations
What was Potsdam?
US, GB, and USSR decide what Europe will look like post WW2
Due to western requests, Stalin promised free elections
Describe the Members, Bodies, and Purpose of the UN
Main members: US, Russia, Taiwan (Democratic Republic of China), France, UK, and a rotating member
Bodies:
General Assembly
Trusteeship Council
International Court of Justice
Security Council
15 members
5 permanent: China, France, Russian Federation, UK, and US
Members for 2 year terms (elected by general assembly)
Economic and Social Council
54 Members
3 year terms
Purpose:
1) Maintain International Peace and Security
2)Principle of the sovereign equality of all its members
What is the Truman Doctrine?
Usa supports people who are resisting armed minorities (communists)
What is the Marshall Plan
US offered money to rebuild economics of Europe post WW2, and rejecting appeal of communism
Describe the Tasks and Goals of NATO
Would defend each other against any Soviet aggression
VS. Warsaw Pact (1955): USSR controls Eastern European countries
Core Tasks (2010): Collective Defense, Crisis Management, Cooperative Security
Political Alliance: Promotes democratic values and enables members to consult and cooperate on defense issues
Military Alliance: If diplomatic efforts fail, it can undertake crisis management
Eastward Expansion: 1999- three former Warsaw pact members join, 2004- seven former communist states join
What is the Schuman Plan?
1950: Put use of coal and steel resources under supranational high authority
Germany endorsed: rehabilitate Germany at international level
UK and Scandinavian countries refused
Italy agreed: to fight internal communism and restore international legitimacy
What was the Treaty of Paris?
(1951) Free movement of goods -> Leads to ECSC
France proposed European Defense Community, a European Army, but shelved after 2 years
Describe the purpose and structure of the ECSC
European Coal and Steel Community
Participants: Italy, France, Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg
Brought into force by the Treaty of Paris
Aim:
First step towards “European Federation”
Common coal and steel; market was an experiment to gradually extend to other spheres
Using Spillover Effect: putting together policies outside political context, see positive effects, then ask for more integration in other sectors
Structure:
High authority: 2 members for Italy, France, Germany and 1 for others
Council of Ministers: 1 minister for each member state (COUNCIL OF THE EU)
Common Assembly: appointed members of parliament from each MS
Court of Justice
What is the Warsaw Pact?
Includes: East Germany, Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Romania and is Eastern block’s opposition to NATO
What are the Treaties of Rome?
Parliamentary Assembly and Court of Justice would be common institutions
Established the EEC and EURATOM
Describe the goals of the EEC
1958: European Economic Community (EEC)
Aim:
Establish a common market based on four freedoms of movement
Goods, Persons, Capital, and Services
Treaty Provisions:
Eliminate customs between member states
Establish external Common Customs Tariff
Introduction of common policies for agriculture and transport
Creation of European Social Fund
Creation of European Investment Bank
Develop closer relations between MS
Describe the goals and structure of EURATOM
European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM)
Participants: Italy, France, Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxemburg
Aim:
Share information on the production of atomic energy to prevent wars
New Structure:
High Authority: 2 members for big ones, 1 for small, and a president
Council of Ministers: 1 minister for each MS
Common Assembly: members of parliament for each MS
Court of Justice
COREPER: Committee of the permanent representatives for the MS
When was the fall of the Berlin wall and what is the significance
1989 and it marks the end of communism
When was the CAP born
1962
What is the fusion Treaty
1965 Institutions control the ECSC, EEC, and EURATOM
Establishes a Single Council and Single Commission
What is the Empty Chair Crisis
1965: Charles de Gaulle opposed supranational or federal integration and wanted a European political alliance system instead
He did not want to switch voting in the Council of Ministers from unanimity to qualified majority
What is the Luxembourg Compromise
Put an end to the Empty Chair Crisis with France accepts the principle of qualified majority voting but if national interests were threatened, negotiations could switch back to unanimity
What was the situation in Europe vs USA and Japan in the 1960s and 1970s?
European corporations could not keep up with US and Japan in technology
- US became first post industrial society
- Japans electronic sector grew 15% annually, surpassing European growth
What was the Oil Crisis?
Following the financial crisis of the 70s, Politically generated oil crisis, led to significant increase in consumer prices, and lead to debt crises
When and who was involved in the first enlargement
1973: Great Britain, Ireland, and Denmark
What shifts were made in the 1970s and 1980s regarding globalization?
Globalizing world economic system driven by tech, communication, and policy shifts
Neo-liberal views: economics could solve problems better than politics
Deregulation became the norm
Neo-conservatives: argued that inequality was beneficial and a natural outcome of individual freedom
Multinational corporations establishing subsidiaries in low-wage countries
Who and when was the second enlargment
1981 Greece and 1986 Spain and Portugal
What was the launch of single Europe act
1985: Enlarging the community to include low-wage areas was integral in European Integration
Barriers removed and national markets open-> encouraged competition among firms -> lower prices and wider consumer choice
What was the Schengen Agreement
France, Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg
Created a single external border, promoted free movement of people
Imposes strict external border security to combat crime
What reforms were made in russia in the 1980s
Glasnost: openness, opening up of the political system, letting the media have more freedom, and letting people be more involved in government
Perestroika: restructuring, bring Soviet up to par economically with the West, moved to a semi- mixed economy (semi free)
What was the Maastricht Treaty goals
Lays out steps for introducing the Euro and the EU
Establishes the European Central Bank and the European System of Central Banks, to administer common monetary policy
Trying to control the growth of reunified Germany, France said Germany must accept the creation of a single currency; Germany said okay as long as Euro has same rules as their currency
What were the 3 pillars of the Maastricht treaty
1) Supranational: European Communities: Compromise Economic Community and European Monetary Union
2) Intergovernmental: Common Foreign and Security Policy
3) Intergovernmental: Political and judicial cooperation: on justice and home affairs, asylum, and criminal matters
What is the principle of Subsidiarity
Principle whereby the EU does not take action unless it is more effective than action taken at national, regional, or local level
When and who was involved in Central Eastern Enlargement
2004: Cyprus, Malta, Poland, Czech, Estonia, Hungary. Latvia, Lituania, Slovakia, Slovenia join
What was the Lisbon Treaty
Abolishes three pillar structure
Makes the European Council its own institution
Treaty of EU
Treaty on the Functioning of the EU
EU law takes precedence over national law
Merged Commissioner for External Relations and Councils High Rep to make: Foreign minister is replaced by high representative for foreign and security policy
