Other

Question 1

Directive vs Rule

Answer 1

Directive: Frame for national legislation
Rule: Direct Application=Law

Question 2

Direct Effect

Answer 2

EU citizens have a legal right to expect their governments to adhere to EU obligations

Question 3

Supremacy of EU Law

Answer 3

If a domestic law contradicts a EU obligation, EU law prevails

Question 4

Principle of Mutual Recognition

Answer 4

product made and sold in one MS must be allowed to be sold in another

Question 5

Why do the inst. matter?

Answer 5

Experimentation and Change: Can change Informal powers within institutions instead of making treaty changes
Power-sharing and consensus: EU can switch between Intergovernmental solutions and supranational solutions
Scope and Capacity: EU can avoid decision-making gridlock and can expand policy cooperation without expanding powers of institutions

Question 6

How Enlargements Effects Institutional Power

Answer 6

Parliament: deals with difficult legislation, and their power is growing
Commission: Was once more cooperative and one whole body, and now resembles Intergovernmental Body (more individual)
Council: bigger the EU, the harder it is for decisions to be made, especially when unanimity is required

Question 7

Neo-Functionalism:

Answer 7

accumulation of power at supranational level by applying spillover
(More integrated a policy created at supranational level is, more people will ask for integration)
SUPRANATIONAL> MS
GOOD FOR ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATIONAL INTEREST AND SUPRANATIONAL INSTITUTIONS

Question 8

Functional Spillover

Answer 8

Functional Spillover: Economic Interdependencies
Example: Move from ECSC to EEC and Euratom (coal and steel made them realize an economic community might be a good idea)

Question 9

Political Spillover

Answer 9

olitical Spillover: Create and strengthen supranational institutions, promotes further integration
Example: Pressure to set up common market from industrialists

Question 10

Cultivated Spillover:

Answer 10

Supranational actors promote integration beyond what would naturally occur

Question 11

Intergovernmentalism

Answer 11

Intergovernmentalism: MS are the center of the bargaining. The EU is seen as cooperation amongst states, which are the rational actors. Pooled sovereignty doesn’t diminish the role of the state.
MS> SUPRANATIONAL
GOOD FOR ANALYSIS OF NEGOTIATIONS

Problems: neglects domestic policies

Question 12

Rational Choice Institutionalism:

Answer 12

Rational Choice Institutionalism: supranational institutions are agents created by MS; MS want to be part of supranational institutions because of the benefits and because of their own agency (similar to intergovernmentalism)

Question 13

Sociological Institutionalism

Answer 13

Sociological Institutionalism: if you are part of the EU, you must have shared values with the others

Question 14

Historical Institutionalism:

Answer 14

Historical Institutionalism: Focuses on the role of time, policies are seen as path dependent, and can’t be predicted

Question 15

Governance Approach:

Answer 15

Governance Approach: governing is interactions of many actors with no clear divide between private and public sectors
EU can be seen as a governance model because EU politics are influenced by the institutions, regions, and interest groups
Private spheres can be even more powerful in policymaking

Question 16

European Integration and Europeanization:

Answer 16

European integration focuses on how politics change things at supranational level
Europeanization focuses on how policies change things at a domestic level
Can derive from different stages of the policy process
More than formal policy; also focuses on beliefs, values, and norms
Is about the impact on MS
Vertical:
Downloading: domestic adjustment of MS
Uploading: MS gives EU their demands

Horizontal: MS chat amongst themselves

Question 17

Democratic Deficit in the EU:

Answer 17

Loss of democratic accountability when legislative power was given to ministers in the council
This transfer of power was compensated by giving the Parliament right to approve legislation
Now it is the distance between EU institutions and voters

Question 18

Competencies of the EU:

Answer 18

Competencies of the EU: (Established by the Lisbon treaty)
Exclusive: only the EU can act in these areas
Shared: MS can act only if EU has chosen not to
Member State: EU can support, coordinate or supplement MS actions

Question 19

Principle of Subsidiarity:

Answer 19

Principle of Subsidiarity: decision can be taken at the lower level if possible

Question 20

Market building policies and examples

Answer 20

Creating a single market
Competition Policy
Encouraging competition amongst forms and battling monopolies
Commission is the main player
Trade Policy
Treaty of Rome: creates common market single external tariff to non-EU countries with commission as the negotiator
Treaty of Nice: Commission is negotiator but Council of the EU has to approve
EMU (Economic and Monetary Union)
Created as outcome of maastricht treaty
Common currency and centralized responsibility for monetary policies
National governments can no longer control interest rates

Question 21

Market Cushioning

Answer 21

Limit the harmful effect of market on human beings and environment
Environmental regulation
Food Safety Agency: source of scientific advice and risks associated with food chain
Social regulation

Question 22

Market Correcting

Answer 22

Market- correcting
Compensate for the cost to groups imposed by building of a single market
CAP
Initial aim: Increase agricultural production and ensuring food security in cold war era
Current aim: protect agriculture by controlling prices and level of production and subsiding rural life
Protect European agricultural products from cheaper imports
Cohesion Policy:
Reducing inequality among regions and compensating governments of poorer countries for economic integration
First introduced by Italy for the south as it was one of the poorest regions in the EU at the time, but sine easter expansion the Eastern countries are getting most of the funding

Question 23

Ordinary Legislative Process

Answer 23

European Commission Initiates Proposal (they can amend at any time, and want to avoid reaching the 3rd reading)
First reading:
European Parliament votes (majority voting)
Council of the EU (qualified majority)
National Parliaments
Second Reading:
European Parliament votes or amends
Council of the EU votes or amends
Third Reading:
Sent to a committee to say yes or no

Question 24

Intergovernmental Method

Answer 24

Council of the EU-> 27 say “yes”
European Parliament can give opinion but can’t vote

Question 25

Initial Goals of the Cap

Answer 25

boost production of food after the war
Launched in 1962 and wants to:
Support farmers and improve agricultural productivity
Safeguard farmers to make reasonable living
Tackle climate change
Maintain rural area
Keep rural economy alive by promoting jobs in farmers and associated sectors

Question 26

Three pillars of the CAP

Answer 26

Income Support: direct payments (most of money goes here)
Market measures
Rural development measures