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Earth System Science > Timeline > Flashcards

Timeline Flashcards

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1
Q

Maunder Minimum

A

The Maunder Minimum, also known as the “prolonged sunspot minimum”- 1645-1715

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2
Q

1965?

A

James Lovelock works at Nasa as part of the Viking mission to Mars to try and find life = he think its unnecessary because of the composition of the atmosphere (different atmospheres absorb carbon on different wavelengths.

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3
Q

1968 ?

A

The apollo moon shots

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4
Q

1979?

A

he Gaia hypothesis, a multitude of closed feedback loops that effect each other.

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5
Q

1981?

A

Climate Regulation – 1981- that a negative feedback loop could counteract with the sun and therefore keeping the earth warm.

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6
Q

The age of the earth?

A

The age of the earth is 1/3 of the universe- Earth formed – 4.54 Ba by acceretion from Solar Nebula

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7
Q

Brief Earth History

A

4.5 billion years of history = the sun was 30% less luminous than it is today= the earth was 33* cooler than it is today = oceans would have been frozen= life would not have been possible at that time= scientist were working out whether or not it was Amino in the atmsphere or a thick carbon blancket like other countries.

= eventually the carbon would have been transported to the earths crust= why did the sun get brighter as there was less carbon in the atmosphere so that life could exist.

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8
Q

4500 mya ?

A

Earth’s core and crust formed

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9
Q

4400 mya ?

A

The Earth’s first oceans formed

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10
Q

4.0 BA ?

A

Hadean earth = didn’t have life on earth – before ffosil proof

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11
Q

3BA ?

A

Archaean- most primitive life forms + earliest evidence of ff= earleiest evidence of evolution= the imergence of prokaryote cells

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12
Q

3 billion years ago?

A

emergence of ff by cyanobacteria (blue green algae) – co2 and light to create sugars leading to oxygen= changes the gas content of the atmosphere

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13
Q

2.5 billion years ago ?

A

fusion of bacterium and archean = eukareotic cell = nucleas and mitochondria

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14
Q

2BA?

A

Proterozoic , atmosphere is starting to become rich

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15
Q

1500 mya ?

A

Oxygen began to accumulate in the Earth’s atmosphere.

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16
Q

750-635 MA?

A

two snowball earths

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17
Q

700 mya ?

A

Animals started to exist

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18
Q

720 million to approximately 635 million years ago?

A

Cryogenian Period, second of three periods of the Neoproterozoic Era of geologic time, extending from approximately

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19
Q

541 MA?

A

Paleozoic- microsopic evidence of phosils = evolution of multicellular organisms

20
Q

530MA ?

A

Mesozoic Period

21
Q

1000–543 Ma?

A

The Neoproterozoic was a time of transition between the ancient microbial world and the rise of large, complex animal life of the Phanerozoic

22
Q

2MA ? / 65 million years ago

A

Cenazoic, first homosapiens- 65 million years ago to the present

23
Q

56 MYA (millions of years ago)

A

56 MYA (millions of years ago)- the Palaeocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM

24
Q

How many snowball earths have there been?

A

3 faces, snowball earth , permo carboniferous

25
Q

What happened in 1986?

A

a group of Nasa scientists gave the report “view of the Earth System Science as a set of interacting processes operating on a wide range of spatial and temporal scales, rather than a collection of individual components”

26
Q

Explain the Great Oxygenation in it’s key points

A

2.4 billion years ago cyanobcateria evolved to ff
= oxygen built up in the atmsosphere leading to anaerobic bacteria getting killied in a mass extinction.
= a change in bio-diversity
= oxygen from the new bacteria oxidized the iron in the ocean turning it red
= led to a change in climate aka the new bacteria started using Co2 so the temperature decreased + nitorgen reacted with the oxygen taking out another greenhouse gas
This is also knows as the oxygen catastrophe
The life forms that survived thrived

27
Q

Archaeon era

A

only 2-3% of the earths surface was dry land- oceans = filled with iron= green rust = green sea due to a lack of oxygen –the astmophere was basically the same without oxygen

28
Q

When did Mars crash into earth? what were the results of this?

A

When an object the size of Mars crashed into the newly formed planet Earth around 4.5 billion years ago, it knocked our planet over and left it tilted at an angle. = the giant impact hypothesis= since then the earth has rotated the earth at a slant = at the moment the earth is at 23.4 degrees and is still decreasing.

29
Q

why was there Low-latitide aridity during glacial stages

A

idk dont answer this question

30
Q

When did the Hominins split from other apes

A

between 6 and 8 Ma
Hominins split from chimpanzee and bonobo between 6 and 8 million years ago

Though there are important differences between different phylogenies, there is general agreement for a split between Australopithecus and Homo around 3 Ma. The Australopithecus line led to the extinct Paranthropus line that died out ~1.5 Ma

31
Q

When were there 4 proven species of human (five potenitally)

A

50,000 years ago

32
Q

When did homo genus evolve?

A

The Homo genus evolved in East Africa ~3 Ma

33
Q

55,000 years ago? (homo)

A

55,000 years ago , in the last cold stage but not the coldest bit of it, the Middle Palaeolithic

34
Q

25,000 years ago (Homo?)

A

was the coldest part , around the lgm

35
Q

11600 years ago (homo?)

A

The start of the holocene co- encides with the end of the last glacial era, 11600 years ago

36
Q

40,000 years ago (homo?)

A

Co existent of both types of people until 40,000 years ago - homo sapiens and homo Neanderthalensis (they made tools and created fire )

37
Q

Palaeolithic

A

the stone age

38
Q

Measolithic (homo)

A

much enhanced tech for hunting e.g the spear heads from jordan- made from flint in the uk but obsidian in other places- the throwing of this weapon and this weapon was resposnible for the neanderthalensis going extinct

39
Q

5-6ka (homo?)

A

Neolithic transition started in turkey and reached Britain between 5-6ka (thousand years ago

40
Q

1300 AD (homo?)

A

The decline in greenhouse gases around 1300 AD has been attributed by Ruddiman to a phase of global pandemics (including the Black Death)

41
Q

Anthropocene as a timeline word

A

BEWARE: It is a waste of time trying to formally define the Anthropocene as a geological period. But as an informal, cultural term, without clearly defined start in time, it is fine. A lot of people are spending a lot of time rearranging the deck chairs when they would be better employed actually doing something about the Earth system crisis!
Holocene – started about 11,000 years ago representing the last interglacial start

It’s used in two contexts, there is a proper stratisiphication where people are trying to define it as a period, it’s also used culturally like the bronze age

The Anthropocene wasn’t time transgressive – it happened gradually meaning it cant be a timescale – 1962 could have been used due to atmospheric nuclear testing but that’s far too late

Not everything we see around us is the result of human activity

42
Q

The COP meeting base their discussions around this

“the gold standard in scientific reference on all aspects of climate change for governments, industry and individuals worldwide” - when the ipcc was published , still relevant today
When was this published

A

IPCC was set up under the UN and were on the 6th report published in 2020-2021

43
Q

The Physical Science Basis, August 2021

A

looks at the science – what do we know about te systems , what are the predicted changes

44
Q

Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, February 2022

A

how do we respond to the climate crisis

45
Q

Pliocene period – 400-450 million years ago

A

the volume of co2 makes it the most important greenhouse gas- same as in the c= a relatively warm phase in with fewer ice sheets and higher sea levels = we havent quite got the same sea levels at the moment

46
Q

2011–2020 sea ice

A

In 2011–2020, annual average Arctic sea ice area reached its lowest level since at least 1850 (high confidence). Late summer Arctic sea ice area was smaller than at any time in at least the past 1000 years (medium confidence).

The rate of loss of sea ice has been greater than the actual loss

Earth System Science (5 decks)

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