Time orientation Flashcards
what is time orientation
tendency to be motivated by one temporal frame over another
past, present or future
time is a
concept, naturally assigning temporal categories to add structure, order and meaning
William James
different self everyday
there is an ability to connect different selves as we know our selves exist over different time frames
we have different experiences and thoughts across time, the same as having a different self every day
OUR SELF EXTENDS ACROSS TIME but ALSO STAYS THE SAME - can connect
self continuity
integration of the temporally petitioned selves
why is time orientation important for health
physical inactivity and unhealthy diet - precursor for development of chronic disease
Health behaviours are the prototypical self regulation task involving making inter-temporal choices
give in to immediate desires of focus on the larger more long lasting goal
could result in a distal shift
associations with health behaviours
preventative health behaviours (future)
health promoting behaviours (future)
health risky behaviours (present and future)
Hall Fong & Sansone 2015
multiple measures of health behaviours and body composition
time perspective predicts health behaviour
health behaviour (HBI) predicts BMI
time perspective (TPQ) negatively predicts BMI
higher scores on time perspective questionnaire = future
23% obese in low time orientation
Sansone et al (2012)
time perspective and smoking
high future orientation = less likely to smoke
BMI > 25
overweight
BMI > 30
obese
Orbell and Hagger (2006)
type 2 diabetes screening
preventative behaviour = screening for diabetes
Difficult to shift cognitive biases of time orientation so instead tailor the importance of screening messaged so that it maps onto/is congruent with their existing temporal orientation.
1) High-CFC (consideration of future consequences) individuals were expected to be more sensitive to distant consequences that are both positive and negative 2) Low-CFC were expected to be more sensitive to immediate consequences that are both positive and negative.
Future time perspective is associated with better practice of health-promoting and preventive behaviours,
whereas low FTP and present orientation are associated with health risky behaviours
health messages
Tailoring health messages to time orientation can help maximise their benefits for health behaviour intentions
procrastination
don’t often think about future consequences
common self regulatory problem
common self regulatory problem
unnecessary and voluntary delay in important intended tasks
temporally bound behaviour for present and future self
Sirois and Pychyl
Priority of short-term mood regulation is central to understanding procrastination
Occurring for tasks that are: boring, frustrating, lacking meaning
Switching to more pleasurable/rewarding immediate tasks as a means of coping [giving in to feeling good]
poor intertemporal choices
past you - make intention to act but dont
past you - puts burden on self in future
present you - has to deal with unfinished task
- believes future self can do it
Sirois (2014)
stress focus’ on more immediate concerns
If you have a behaviour characteristic (personality traits - impulsivity) that focus’ on immediate rewards, the future consequences loom less than the present = develop present orientation.
There is no cognitive bias that has been developed for the future, developed over time
future self continuity
future self can differ in how close it feels to us
circles that overlap represent greater closeness
Sirois (2014)
future orientation and general procrastination (study 1)
- future self continuity r=-.24** = feel distant
study 2
does the distance from future self explain difficulties with health behaviours
procrastination related to less practice of health promoting behaviours (less emotionally close to future self)
11% in health behaviours explained
stress orientation hypothesis
when stressed our pathway of psychophysiological responses are activated (threat) - amygdala
when activated, it impacts how we think
cognitive narrowing - focus on stressor
- struggle to think about future time perspective
procrastination and health
direct - stress which is immediate
indirect - health behaviours (dekay making medical appointments, practice fewer health promoting behaviours)
procrastination - health model
stress and treatment both explained why procrastination is linked to higher reports of illness
temporal self appraisal theory
tendency to derogate distant past selves and praise recent past selves (Wilson and Ross, 2001)
students prompted to view further past self rated themselves more negatively (creates idea for distance and time for growth)
temporal landmarks and self appraisal
we can change our perception of time to the degree to which we think about temporal landmarks
which can alter the temporal landscape
past self seems further away if there is a landmark in the way
Sirois IJBM (2015)
IBD and arthritis
introduction of temporal distance
no significant difference between recent and distant condition
temporal self appraisal theory doesn’t hold when looking at chronic illness
temporal landmarks did hold - influenced subjective perception of time
IBD = 52.9%, A = 50.3% YES
Jylha (2009) - future self with chronic illness
condition will never go away
sense of future self should stay the same at best or get worse
She suggests that the rating of health depends on:
what we mean by health,
the cultural conceptualisations of health,
past health (have we been sick before),
mental state and
psychological traits (so we focus on our issues or overlook them)
– converge on one health rating (scale from excellent to poor)
Hall et al (2012) - time perspective and management of type 2 diabetes
influence of time perspective on 2 weight management behaviours
- physical activity
- diet
longitudinal design
negative relationship between intentions and future time orientation with respect to diet and eating fatty foods
future time orientation = less fatty foods
positive relationship between future time perspective and intending to exercise
procrastination associated with
neuroticism and agreeableness
poor cardiovascular health
poor coping
testing an extension of the procrastination health model
Sirois (2015)
stress of disease exacerbates things
every point up in procrastination scores = chances of hypertension and cardiovascular disease increase by 60%
association with maladaptive coping behaviours
