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MS 101 LE 2 > Tides > Flashcards

Tides Flashcards

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1
Q

Periodic raising and lowering of ocean sea level, occur daily, Newton’s gravitational laws explain relationship.

A

Tides

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2
Q

Tides were recognized even by early sailors as they associate ____ with full moon and new moon and _____ with quarter moon.

A

High tides, Low tides

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3
Q

In ____, Magellan set sail with 5 ships to find a western route to the much sought after _____ and ended up “discovering” the Philippine Islands.

A

1519, Spice Islands

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4
Q

First man to sail around the world was a Malay named _____?

A

Enrique of Malacca

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5
Q

_____, there was the biggest super tide in 18 years, which covered the causeway. The location was ____?

A

March 2016, Mont Saint Michel, Normandy in France

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6
Q
  • Caused by gravitational attraction of Sun, Moon, and Earth
  • Alternate rise and fall of sea level with an average period of 12.4h (24.8h in some places)
  • Very long and regular _____ waves, Wavelengths on the order of thousands of kilometers, Heights up to 15m
A

Tides, Shallow-water

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7
Q

Average depth of ocean:

A

3.7 km

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8
Q

Theory would best describe tides on a completely water-covered Earth – so this is an idealized model for tide formation.

A

Equilibrium Theory of Tides

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9
Q

_____ takes into account the effect of continents, shallow water, and partially enclosed ocean basins on tide formation. This is a more realistic model of tides.

A

Dynamic Theory of Tides

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10
Q

Tide Generating Forces:

A
  • Gravitational force between Moon and Earth
  • Centripetal force caused by earth’s rotation
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11
Q
  • Balance pointy center of mass, ~1700 km from the surface.
  • Earth-moon system orbit around this center of mass as they orbit the sun.
A

Barycenter

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12
Q

Force that interconnects the sun, its planets, and their moons and keeps them in relatively fixed orbits.

A

Gravity

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13
Q

Every object that has mass in the universe is attracted to every other object. From this law, ____ is derived.

A

Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation, Gravitational Force

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14
Q

Proportional to product of masses (as it ____ mass, force _____) and is inversely proportional to square of separation distance.

A

Gravitational Force, Increase, Increase

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15
Q

If distance ______ then gravitational force _____.

A

Increases, Decreases

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16
Q

Gravitational force is greatest at _____ (closest to moon) and least force is at _____ (furthest from moon and opposite zenith).

A

Zenith, Nadir

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17
Q
  • Center-seeking force; rotation about “barycenter” or center of mass between two bodies in orbital motion.
  • Tethers Earth and Moon to each other
  • The _____ (the red arrows) is everywhere the same. The red arrows are all the same length and point in the same direction.
A

Centripetal Force

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18
Q

Mathematical differences between centripetal and gravitational forces.

A

Resultant Forces

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19
Q

Horizontal components of the resultant forces

A

Tide-generating forces

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20
Q

Result when force pushes water into two simultaneous bulges (one toward moon, and one away from moon).

A

Lunar Bulges

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21
Q

As earth rotates, it carries various locations into and out of ____ so that all points on its surface (except poles) experience __ high tides daily.

A

Bulges, Two

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22
Q

The Earth _____ underneath these bulges. Two high tides, ___ hours apart (also called _____, the time between high tides)

A

Rotates, 12, Tidal Period

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23
Q

Seawater moves on shore

A

High tide, flood tide

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24
Q

Seawater moves offshore

A

Low tide, ebb tide

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25
Q

Reason why tidal times change daily? Lunar day is ____ longer than solar day so high tides are 12 hours and 25 minutes apart.

A

50 minutes

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26
Q

Time that has elapsed between when moon is directly overhead and the next time the moon is directly overhead

A

Lunar Day

27
Q

The Sun is much more massive than the Moon but much further away.
____ are ___ the size of lunar bulges.

A

Solar Bulges, 46%

28
Q

Similar to lunar bulges but much smaller

A

Solar Bulges

29
Q

New/full moon – tidal range greatest – _____ (lunar and solar bulges are in sync)

A

Spring Tide

30
Q

Quarter moons – tidal range least – ____ (lunar and solar bulges are out of sync)

A

Neap Tide

31
Q

Time between spring tides about _____.

A

Two Weeks

32
Q
  • _____ have the highest high tides and the lowest low tides
  • Maximum difference between high and low tide
  • Constrictive interference between lunar and solar bulges.
A

Spring Tides

33
Q
  • Have the lowest high tides and the highest low tides
  • Minimum difference between high and low tide
  • Destructive interference between lunar and solar bulges
A

Neap Tides

34
Q
  • Sun to Earth: 23.5o N or S of equator
  • 5 degree tilt of moon’s path around Earth relative to Earth’s path around sun
A

Declination

35
Q
  • In total, Moon relative to Earth shifts up to 28.5o N or S of equator
  • Shifts lunar and solar bulges from equator
  • Unequal tides as earth spins through unequal size tide bulges for a given latitude
  • What’s the cause?
A

Declination

36
Q

Earth’s _____ leads to unequal tide ranges.

A

Tilted Axis

37
Q

When earth is closest to moon. tidal range is great

A

Perigee

38
Q

When Earth is furthest from moon, tidal range is least

A

Apogee

39
Q

Perigee - Apogee = ____ days?

A

27.5 days

40
Q

When Earth is closest to the sun, January, tidal range is greatest

A

Perihelion

41
Q

When Earth is furthest from sun, July, tidal range is least.

A

Aphelion

42
Q

Perigean full moon - ?

A

Supermoon

43
Q

Moon experiences perigee ____ per orbit but not always coinciding with full Moon
Supermoon.

A

Once

44
Q

Perihelion and Aphelion - difference between them amounts to ____, small enough to pass unnoticed. Earth’s orbit is very close to a circle.

A

3.3%

45
Q

Refers to the straight-line configuration of three celestial bodies

A

Syzygy

46
Q

Monthly Tidal Cycle
- ?
* New or Full moons
* Tidal range greatest
* Syzygy

A

Spring Tides

47
Q

Monthly Tidal Cycle:
- ?
* Quarter moons
* Tidal Range least
* Quadrature

A

Neap Tides

48
Q

Difference between high and low tide

A

Tidal Range

49
Q

______ for a location remains the same throughout the year.

A

Tidal Pattern

50
Q

____ show weekly switching of spring tide-neap tide cycle.

A

Tidal Curves

51
Q

Spring Tide + Perigee
- Exceptionally high tidal range
- Every 1.5 years or so
- Results in flooding of low-lying coastal areas
- If storm occurs as same time, damage can be extreme

A

Proxigean Tides

52
Q

One high tide/ one low tide per day

A

Diurnal

53
Q

Two high tides/two low tides per day, tidal range about the same

A

Semidiurnal

54
Q

Two high tides/two low tides per day, tidal range is different, most common

A

Mixed

55
Q
  • Common in shallow inland seas such as Gulf of Mexico and SE Asia
  • Common along Atlantic coast of US
  • Most common in the world, including Pacific coast of N America
A
  • Diurnal
  • Semi-diurnal
  • Mixed
56
Q

Water rushes up a bay or river with incoming tide

A

Flood Current

57
Q

Water drains from bay or river as tide goes out

A

Ebb Current

58
Q

Peak of each high tide with no current motion

A

High Slack Water

59
Q

Peak of each low tide with no current motion

A

Low Slack Water

60
Q

World’s largest tidal range
- A 258 km with wide opening to Atlantic Ocean. At northern tip, it splits into 2 narrow basins. At northern end of Minas Basin, spring tide range is 17m.

A

Bay of Fundy in Nova Scotia

61
Q

True “Tidal Wave” in I rivers, Tide is channeled, low-gradient rivers, large tidal range

A

Tidal Bore

62
Q

Tidal whirlpools in the Naruto Strait, a channel between Naruto in Tokushima and Awaji Island in Hyōgo, Japan.

A

Naruto Whirlpools

63
Q

Effects of Tides on Day Length?

A
  • Gravitational energy causing tides is dissipated as friction and is slowing the rotation of the Earth.
  • Day length is increasing, but number of days per year is decreasing
64
Q

350 million years ago, 22 hrs/day, there were ___ days per year. In 350 million years, ~ ___ hrs per day and ___ days per year

A

405 days per year, 26 hours a day, 320 days per year

MS 101 LE 2 (4 decks)

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