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Vector biology and vector parasite interactions > Ticks and tick borne pathogens > Flashcards

Ticks and tick borne pathogens Flashcards

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1
Q

Why are ticks not insects?

A

Arthropods because they have 9 legs not 6

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2
Q

How long does it take an Ixodes tick to complete a blood meal?

A

About a week

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3
Q

What do ticks feed on?

A

Obligate blood feeders, both male and female.

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4
Q

Which part of the mouthparts is used to drill into the flesh?

A

Chelicerae.

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5
Q

How does the tick anchor into the dermis?

A

Hypostome

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6
Q

What do the palps do?

A

Sense and direct the mouthparts.

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7
Q

What is the deer tick (UK)?

A

Ixodes rhicinus

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8
Q

How can tick ectoparasites damage animals?

A
  • Holes in hide, decreased productivity
  • Tick worry, scratching
  • Blood loss, may lead to immunosuppression
  • Tick paralysis from toxins (neurotoxins released in late feeding stages)
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9
Q

What is tick paralysis?

A

Where toxins such are released in late stage feeding. Can cause delayed allergic reactions e.g. alpha gal syndrome where alpha -1,3- galactose in tick saliva mimics alpha galactose in meat causing a delayed allergic response to eating red meat.

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10
Q

Why are generalist ticks more likely to spread infection compared to host specific ticks.

A

Having multiple hosts rather than all stages on one host means that more different bloodmeals are taken, enhancing the probability of picking up and transmitting an infection.

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11
Q

Name two species causing relapsing fever.

A

Borrelia duttoni and borrelia recurrentis

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12
Q

What transmits borrelia recurrentis?

A

Body lice (pediculus humanus)

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13
Q

What transmits borrelia duttoni?

A

Soft ticks

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14
Q

Why is borrelia duttoni thought to be zoonotic?

A

Controversial studies suggesting ornuthodoros ticks feed on pigs which act as a reservoir

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15
Q

What is eschar necrosis?

A

A symptom of spotted fever (rickettsia)- slough or piece of dead tissue that is cast off from the surface of the skin

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16
Q

How can rickettsia be transmitted?

A

Can be transovarial. By Rhipicephalusand amblyomma species.

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17
Q

What kind of virus is Crimean congo haemorrhagic fever?

A

Negative sense RNA virus, bunyavirus.

18
Q

What is the presentation of Crimean congo haemorrhagic fever?

A

Disseminated throughout body and associated with endothelial vessels. Changes permeability of vessels causing leakage and systemic shock (high mortality).

19
Q

How can CCHF be amplified?

A

Astymptomatically infects livestock which can act as a reservoir for amplification.

20
Q

What causes East Coast fever?

A

Theileria parva, an apicomplexan haemoparasite

21
Q

What is the presentation fo east coast fever?

A
  • Fever
  • Enlarged lymph nodes
  • Anorexia
  • Nasal discharge
22
Q

How is east coast fever controlled?

A

Innoculate then treat with vaccine (oxytetracycline treatment at same time as parasite innoculation) –> effective!

23
Q

Which ticks spread Theileria annulata? How is it treated? How are strains spread?

A

Hyalomma.
An attenuated vaccine.
Strains exchanged between water buffalo and cattle (reside in lymphocyte and erythrocytes).

24
Q

How does heart disease present?

A
  • Decreased blood pressure due to oedema around heart and lungs (heartwater)- vascular endothelial (and lymphocytes) targeted.
  • Circulatory failure
  • Neurological manifestations
25
Q

What causes heartwater?

A

Ehrlichia ruminatium

26
Q

How is heart water treated?

A

Oxytetracycine
Vaccine - infected sheep blood injected into cow and treated with oxytetracycline (not good tho- expensive and hard to store)

27
Q

How is African swine fever transmitted? How is it controlled? What are the symptoms?

A

Directly pig to pig. Maintained by wild bushpig populations (wild pigs don’t get sick).

No vaccine available but can be controlled through culling.

Is a haemorrhagic fever- fever, coughing, difficulty breathing, haemorrhagic etc.

28
Q

How does deer population affect tick abundance?

A

Thought that increasing deer populations can contribute to the increasing abundance of ticks because they are amplifiers.

Deer correlate with tick populations and can move ticks from place to place. Bring ticks to a place and increase their numbers.

29
Q

Why may two areas with similar densities of ticks have different levels of borrelia?

A

Not always lymes where there are ticks!
-Different wildlife capacity to carry borrelia (deer amplify ticks but dont carry borrelia whereas grey squirrels can carry borrelia)
-

30
Q

What is the causative agent of Lyme disease?

A

Borrelia burgdorferi

31
Q

Describe the relationship of density of borrelia with an increasing proportion of incompetent hosts. Explain

A

Increases to an optimum then decreases.

Crashes when there are too many incompetent hosts.

32
Q

What determines borrelia prevalence?

A
  • Temperature some studies suggest W and S Scotland had increased prevalence due to climatic factors, other studies showed no correlation
  • Temperature may increase tick questing
  • Increase in sun temperature and decrease in rain increases ticks which may increase borrelia
33
Q

What is the equation for infection prevalence?

A

=Inversely proportional to deer prevalence OR nymph density

34
Q

Why is borrelia prevalence hard to predict in an area?

A

Changes from year to year due to local determinants.

35
Q

Do we need to worry about human exposure hazard if biting is low?

A

May have an increase in cases if more people start going to areas where there are ticks and exploring.

36
Q

Which stage of ticks are most important for lyme transmission and why?

A

Nymphs. Blood feed but are small and are therefore often undetected

37
Q

What are the symptoms of acute lymes?

A

Bullseye rash, flu, fever

38
Q

What are the symptoms of late lymes?

A
  • Arthritis (damage to synovial joints).
  • Neurological sequelae (similar to MS and often misdiagnosed as Bell’s palsy).
  • Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans (ACA)- red blue lesions (most common symptom of chronic lyme disease).
39
Q

How do we diagnose lyme disease? Problems?

A

Need accurate lab diagnosis.
ELISA coupled with western blot –> 2 tier serological test.

Concern over assay specificity which may cross-react. May not pick up all true positive.s

40
Q

Does borrelia antigen switch?

A

Has been observed in chronically infected MICE.

Vector biology and vector parasite interactions (13 decks)

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