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3. HM Companion Module > Ticks > Flashcards

Ticks Flashcards

1
Q

Ticks on dogs most likely in Ontario

A

American dog tick (Dermacentor variablilis)

Deer tick (ixodes Scapularis)

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2
Q

Distribution of dermacentor species in USA

A

D. variabilis mostly East, pockt on west coast

D. andersoni in continental west

> these look the same to the eye

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3
Q

Habitat of D. variabilis? Is it likely to establish indoors and why?

A

lives in grassy meadows, young forests, along trails

-unlikely to establish indoors as it has many wildlife hosts

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4
Q

season activity of D. variabilis adults

A

Spring (and summer)

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5
Q

Dermacentor variabilis common name and what it rransmits

A

american dog tick

-rickestsia rickettsi (RMSF)
-Francisella tularensis
- cytauxzoon felis (only SE USA)
>causes tick paralysis

rarely, if ever, transmits disease in canada

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6
Q

Dermacentor andersoni common name and diseases it transmits

A

Rocky mountain wood tick

Transmits (rarely in canada)
-rickettsia rickettsii
-francisella tularensis
>causes tick paralysis (rare)

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7
Q

Where in the USA is the highest risk for RMSF and cytauxzoon?

A

west continent has pocket of RMSF

East has large pocket for cytauxzoon and smaller of RMSF (inside cyto- zone)

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8
Q

ixodes transmits what diseases

A

-borrelia burdorferi (Lyme)
-Anaplasma phagocytophilum
>causes tick paralysis (rare)

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9
Q

habitat of ixodes scapularis

A

diciduous forests and adjascent brush or grass

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10
Q

seasonality of ixodes

A

adults: small peak Oct, large peak in May

nymphs: peak in summer

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11
Q

where are ixodes infected with lyme and how do they get it

A

Northeast, where they feed on rodents in larval and nymph stages

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12
Q

where are most cases of lyme geographically

A

NE USA
(in Ontario, along north coast of lake ontario, lake eerie)

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13
Q

Why is the distribution of ixodes scapularis changing?

A

-bird migration
-changes in deer population
- reforestation
-climate change

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14
Q

proportion of ixodes scapularis infected with borrelia burgdorferi in ontario, in regions

A

Overall passive surveillance ontario: 18.4%
Kingston: 31.2%
Murphy’s Point park: 79%
Long point, lake eerie: 60%

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15
Q

Possible next endemic tick for canada

A

amblyomma americanum; the lone star tick

-currently rare in canada

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16
Q

what does the lone star tick transmit

A

ehrichia ewingii (4Dx+)
cytauxzoon felis (primary vector)

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17
Q

where do we find rhipicephalus sanguineus?

A

prefers warm, humid climate (rare in canada)
-only tick that can establish in homes/kennels/vet hospitals

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18
Q

R. sanguineus transmits:

A

-Babesia canis
-Ehrlichia canis (4Dx+)
- Anaplasma platys (4Dx+)

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19
Q

topical tick control options for dogs

A

-selamectin (revolution)
- permethrin + imidacloprid + pyriproxyfen (K9 Advantix II)
- fluralaner (bravecto)
-fipronil (frontline; only in USA)

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20
Q

how often are tick control meds for dogs given?

A

-all monthly except bravecto which is 3 months

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21
Q

problem with revolution for dogs in ontario

A

-not on label dor dermacentor or ixodes (only rhipicephalus and fleas)
>does “aid in control” for d. variablilis

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22
Q

spectrum of canine advantix II

A

All:
- D. variabilis
- I. scapularis
- R. sanguineus
- A. americanum
- fleas

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23
Q

spectrum of canine bravecto

A
  • D. variabilis
  • I. scapularis
  • R. sanguineus
  • fleas

(no A. americanum)

24
Q

spectrum of canine frontline

A

All:
- D. variabilis
- I. scapularis
- R. sanguineus
- A. americanum
- fleas

25
permethrin issue
bad for cats
26
topical tick medications for cats
- fluralaner (bravecto) - fipronil (frontline) - sarolaner + selamectin (revolution plus) -esafoxolaner + eprinomectin + praziquantel (nexguard combo)
27
spectrum of feline bravecto
- D. variabilis - I. scapularis -fleas
28
spectrum of feline fipronil
All: - D. variabilis - I. scapularis - R. sanguineus - A. americanum - fleas > but USA only
29
spectrum of feline revolution plus
- D. variabilis - I. scapularis -fleas
30
spectrum of feline nexguard combo
-ixodes scapularis -amblyomma americanum -fleas
31
oral tick medications for dogs
-fluralaner (bravecto) -afoxolaner (nexguard) -sarolaner (simparica) -lotilaner (credelio)
32
spectrum of oral tick control for dogs, all products:
- D. variabilis - I. scapularis - R. sanguineus - A. americanum - fleas >for all products EXCEPT: -no amblymma for bravecto -no rhipicephalus for nexguard
33
oral tick control option for cats and spectrum
lotilaner (credelio cat) -ixodes and fles
34
medication for tick control collars (USA only) and spectrum
flumethrin (tick drug - resembles permethrin but safe for cats) + imidacloprid (Seresto) - D. variabilis - I. scapularis - R. sanguineus - A. americanum - fleas
35
how long do tick collars have activity for?
8 mo
36
how long does a tick need to be attached for to transmit lyme?
>=36h before transmission occurs
37
when does seroconversion occur following lyme infection?
3-5 weeks after infection
38
how common is clinical lyme disease in dogs that are infected? cats?
-90-95% of dogs never become clinical -cats essentially 0% clinical
39
incubation period of lyme in dogs, and signs
-incubation = 2-5 months -fever, anorexia, polyarthritis - shifting leg lameness, joint swelling - lymphadenomegaly
40
nature of lyme arthritis signs in dogs, and treatment? other less common presentation?
signs of lyme arthritis are transient and respond quickly to oral antibiotics (doxycycline) - lyme nephritis is less common than lyme arthritis (can kill)
41
does borrelia cause illness in cats?
-cats can be seropositive, but it is unknown if they can become ill
42
what does 4Dx look for?
-E. canis (and E. ewingii) - A. phgocytophylum (and A. platys) - D. immitis - Lyme
43
ACVIM 2018 consensus update on Lyme berreliosis in dogs and cats, on routine screening
Routine screening -recommended that a qualitative borrelia burgdorferi antibody assay be included with annual wellness exam for healthy dogs living in or near endemic areas in N.A. -This allows: >follow up proteinuria screening (2-3x/year) for all seropositive dogs and early intervention for possible Lyme nephritis >evaluation of risk exposure for owners -Lyme vaccination does not interfere with this response
44
ACVIM 2018 consensus update on Lyme berreliosis in dogs and cats, quantitative C6 testing
- the magnitude of quantitative C6 is not predictive of illness -insufficient published evidence that higher titers predict illness or are associated with future illness to advocate routine use of this test in healthy dogs -useful for monitoring response to treatment (determine titer on day of treatment and 6 mo later)
45
ACVIM 2018 consensus update on Lyme berreliosis in dogs and cats, treatment of healthy dogs
-4/6 panelists do not routinely recommend treatment for seropositive dogs that are not clinical and not proteinuric
46
ACVIM 2018 consensus update on Lyme berreliosis in dogs and cats: prevention - tick control
-all dogs in Borrelia burgdorferi endemic areas (whether vaccinated or not) should receive adequate tick control year-round NOTE: justification for prevention during winter months in Canada is questionable
47
ACVIM 2018 consensus update on Lyme berreliosis in dogs and cats: prevention - vaccination
-consensus for vaccination was not reached -3/6 panelists recommend vaccination, stating: >healthy (non-clinical, non-proteinuric) Borrelia burgdorferi- seronegative and –seropositive dogs in endemic regions of North America may be vaccinated with any of the currently available vaccines for Borrelia burgdorferi - it is not reccomended to vaccinate sick or proteinuric dogs
48
If a healthy (non-clinical) dog tests positive for Borrelia burgdorferi, how should it be managed ?
* Monitor for clinical signs for 12 months: – If clinical signs consistent with Lyme disease > treat with doxycycline * Monitor for proteinuria today and 2-3 times over 12 months: - Test: urine protein (dipstick) - If proteinuric > treat with doxycycline * Test for antibody to B. burgdorferi every 12 months: – If tests positive, test for proteinuria that day then 2-3 times over next 12 months – If tests negative, do not test for proteinuria
49
Options if fully engorged Ixodes scapularis
1. Evaluate dog for clinical signs consistent with Lyme disease and proteinuria for next 6 months (option most consistent with ACVIM consensus statement) 2. Carry out B. burgdorferi serology today and 6-8 weeks later - evidence of seroconversion ? - negative result more useful than a positive result 3. Submit tick for PCR evaluation of B. burgdorferi - negative result more useful than a positive result
50
If a dog tests positive for other tick-borne pathogens, how should it be managed ?
- If clinical signs consistent with pathogen, TREAT -
51
Anaplasma phagocytophilum disease and symptoms:
(granulocytic anaplasmosis): - disease incubation = 1-2 weeks: - fever, anorexia, lethargy - lameness, stiffness, joint swelling - lymphadenomegaly, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly (from ixodes scapularis)
52
Ehrlichia canis disease and symptoms
(monocytic ehrlichiosis): - disease incubation = 8-20 days: - fever, anorexia, weight loss - polyarthritis - lymphadenomegaly, splenomegaly - CNS signs, dermal petechiae/ecchymoses - cardiac arrythmias, anterior uveitis, - scleral bleeding - mucosal petechiae (from rhipicephalus sanguineus)
53
Anaplasma platys disease and symptoms
(thrombocytic anaplasmosis): - disease incubation = 8-15 days? - mild fever, uveitis - petechiae, ecchymoses (from rhipicephalus ehrlichiosis)
54
Ehrlichia ewingii disease and symptoms:
(granulocytic ehrlichiosis): from Amblyomma americanum - disease incubation = 18-28 days: - fever, anorexia - stiffness, joint swelling - CNS signs
55
if a healthy (non-clinical) dog tests positive for toher tick-borne pathogens, how should it be managed?
If clinical signs consistent with pathogen, or CBC abnormality, treat with: doxycycline for 1 month

3. HM Companion Module (11 decks)

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