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3. HM Companion Module > Ticks > Flashcards

Ticks Flashcards

1
Q

Ticks on dogs most likely in Ontario

A

American dog tick (Dermacentor variablilis)

Deer tick (ixodes Scapularis)

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2
Q

Distribution of dermacentor species in USA

A

D. variabilis mostly East, pockt on west coast

D. andersoni in continental west

> these look the same to the eye

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3
Q

Habitat of D. variabilis? Is it likely to establish indoors and why?

A

lives in grassy meadows, young forests, along trails

-unlikely to establish indoors as it has many wildlife hosts

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4
Q

season activity of D. variabilis adults

A

Spring (and summer)

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5
Q

Dermacentor variabilis common name and what it rransmits

A

american dog tick

-rickestsia rickettsi (RMSF)
-Francisella tularensis
- cytauxzoon felis (only SE USA)
>causes tick paralysis

rarely, if ever, transmits disease in canada

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6
Q

Dermacentor andersoni common name and diseases it transmits

A

Rocky mountain wood tick

Transmits (rarely in canada)
-rickettsia rickettsii
-francisella tularensis
>causes tick paralysis (rare)

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7
Q

Where in the USA is the highest risk for RMSF and cytauxzoon?

A

west continent has pocket of RMSF

East has large pocket for cytauxzoon and smaller of RMSF (inside cyto- zone)

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8
Q

ixodes transmits what diseases

A

-borrelia burdorferi (Lyme)
-Anaplasma phagocytophilum
>causes tick paralysis (rare)

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9
Q

habitat of ixodes scapularis

A

diciduous forests and adjascent brush or grass

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10
Q

seasonality of ixodes

A

adults: small peak Oct, large peak in May

nymphs: peak in summer

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11
Q

where are ixodes infected with lyme and how do they get it

A

Northeast, where they feed on rodents in larval and nymph stages

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12
Q

where are most cases of lyme geographically

A

NE USA
(in Ontario, along north coast of lake ontario, lake eerie)

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13
Q

Why is the distribution of ixodes scapularis changing?

A

-bird migration
-changes in deer population
- reforestation
-climate change

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14
Q

proportion of ixodes scapularis infected with borrelia burgdorferi in ontario, in regions

A

Overall passive surveillance ontario: 18.4%
Kingston: 31.2%
Murphy’s Point park: 79%
Long point, lake eerie: 60%

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15
Q

Possible next endemic tick for canada

A

amblyomma americanum; the lone star tick

-currently rare in canada

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16
Q

what does the lone star tick transmit

A

ehrichia ewingii (4Dx+)
cytauxzoon felis (primary vector)

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17
Q

where do we find rhipicephalus sanguineus?

A

prefers warm, humid climate (rare in canada)
-only tick that can establish in homes/kennels/vet hospitals

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18
Q

R. sanguineus transmits:

A

-Babesia canis
-Ehrlichia canis (4Dx+)
- Anaplasma platys (4Dx+)

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19
Q

topical tick control options for dogs

A

-selamectin (revolution)
- permethrin + imidacloprid + pyriproxyfen (K9 Advantix II)
- fluralaner (bravecto)
-fipronil (frontline; only in USA)

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20
Q

how often are tick control meds for dogs given?

A

-all monthly except bravecto which is 3 months

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21
Q

problem with revolution for dogs in ontario

A

-not on label dor dermacentor or ixodes (only rhipicephalus and fleas)
>does “aid in control” for d. variablilis

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22
Q

spectrum of canine advantix II

A

All:
- D. variabilis
- I. scapularis
- R. sanguineus
- A. americanum
- fleas

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23
Q

spectrum of canine bravecto

A
  • D. variabilis
  • I. scapularis
  • R. sanguineus
  • fleas

(no A. americanum)

24
Q

spectrum of canine frontline

A

All:
- D. variabilis
- I. scapularis
- R. sanguineus
- A. americanum
- fleas

25
Q

permethrin issue

A

bad for cats

26
Q

topical tick medications for cats

A
  • fluralaner (bravecto)
  • fipronil (frontline)
  • sarolaner + selamectin (revolution plus)
    -esafoxolaner + eprinomectin + praziquantel (nexguard combo)
27
Q

spectrum of feline bravecto

A
  • D. variabilis
  • I. scapularis
    -fleas
28
Q

spectrum of feline fipronil

A

All:
- D. variabilis
- I. scapularis
- R. sanguineus
- A. americanum
- fleas

> but USA only

29
Q

spectrum of feline revolution plus

A
  • D. variabilis
  • I. scapularis
    -fleas
30
Q

spectrum of feline nexguard combo

A

-ixodes scapularis
-amblyomma americanum
-fleas

31
Q

oral tick medications for dogs

A

-fluralaner (bravecto)
-afoxolaner (nexguard)
-sarolaner (simparica)
-lotilaner (credelio)

32
Q

spectrum of oral tick control for dogs, all products:

A
  • D. variabilis
  • I. scapularis
  • R. sanguineus
  • A. americanum
  • fleas
    >for all products EXCEPT:
    -no amblymma for bravecto
    -no rhipicephalus for nexguard
33
Q

oral tick control option for cats and spectrum

A

lotilaner (credelio cat)

-ixodes and fles

34
Q

medication for tick control collars (USA only) and spectrum

A

flumethrin (tick drug - resembles permethrin but safe for cats) + imidacloprid (Seresto)

  • D. variabilis
  • I. scapularis
  • R. sanguineus
  • A. americanum
  • fleas
35
Q

how long do tick collars have activity for?

A

8 mo

36
Q

how long does a tick need to be attached for to transmit lyme?

A

> =36h before transmission occurs

37
Q

when does seroconversion occur following lyme infection?

A

3-5 weeks after infection

38
Q

how common is clinical lyme disease in dogs that are infected? cats?

A

-90-95% of dogs never become clinical
-cats essentially 0% clinical

39
Q

incubation period of lyme in dogs, and signs

A

-incubation = 2-5 months
-fever, anorexia, polyarthritis
- shifting leg lameness, joint swelling
- lymphadenomegaly

40
Q

nature of lyme arthritis signs in dogs, and treatment? other less common presentation?

A

signs of lyme arthritis are transient and respond quickly to oral antibiotics (doxycycline)
- lyme nephritis is less common than lyme arthritis (can kill)

41
Q

does borrelia cause illness in cats?

A

-cats can be seropositive, but it is unknown if they can become ill

42
Q

what does 4Dx look for?

A

-E. canis (and E. ewingii)
- A. phgocytophylum (and A. platys)
- D. immitis
- Lyme

43
Q

ACVIM 2018 consensus update on Lyme berreliosis in dogs and cats, on routine screening

A

Routine screening
-recommended that a qualitative borrelia burgdorferi antibody assay be included with annual wellness exam for healthy dogs living in or near endemic areas in N.A.
-This allows:
>follow up proteinuria screening (2-3x/year) for all seropositive dogs and early intervention for possible Lyme nephritis
>evaluation of risk exposure for owners
-Lyme vaccination does not interfere with this response

44
Q

ACVIM 2018 consensus update on Lyme berreliosis in dogs and cats, quantitative C6 testing

A
  • the magnitude of quantitative C6 is not predictive of illness
    -insufficient published evidence that higher titers predict illness or are associated with future illness to advocate routine use of this test in healthy dogs
    -useful for monitoring response to treatment (determine titer on day of treatment and 6 mo later)
45
Q

ACVIM 2018 consensus update on Lyme berreliosis in dogs and cats, treatment of healthy dogs

A

-4/6 panelists do not routinely recommend treatment for seropositive dogs that are not clinical and not proteinuric

46
Q

ACVIM 2018 consensus update on Lyme berreliosis in dogs and cats: prevention - tick control

A

-all dogs in Borrelia burgdorferi endemic areas (whether vaccinated or not) should receive adequate tick control year-round

NOTE: justification for prevention during winter months in Canada is questionable

47
Q

ACVIM 2018 consensus update on Lyme berreliosis in dogs and cats: prevention - vaccination

A

-consensus for vaccination was not reached
-3/6 panelists recommend vaccination, stating:
>healthy (non-clinical, non-proteinuric) Borrelia burgdorferi-
seronegative and –seropositive dogs in endemic regions of
North America may be vaccinated with any of the currently
available vaccines for Borrelia burgdorferi
- it is not reccomended to vaccinate sick or proteinuric dogs

48
Q

If a healthy (non-clinical) dog tests
positive for Borrelia burgdorferi, how
should it be managed ?

A
  • Monitor for clinical signs for 12 months:
    – If clinical signs consistent with Lyme disease > treat with doxycycline
  • Monitor for proteinuria today and 2-3 times over 12 months:
  • Test: urine protein (dipstick)
  • If proteinuric > treat with doxycycline
  • Test for antibody to B. burgdorferi every 12 months:
    – If tests positive, test for proteinuria that day then 2-3 times over next
    12 months
    – If tests negative, do not test for proteinuria
49
Q

Options if fully engorged
Ixodes scapularis

A
  1. Evaluate dog for clinical signs consistent with Lyme disease and proteinuria for next 6 months (option most consistent with
    ACVIM consensus statement)
  2. Carry out B. burgdorferi serology today and 6-8 weeks later
    - evidence of seroconversion ?
    - negative result more useful than a positive result
  3. Submit tick for PCR evaluation of B. burgdorferi
    - negative result more useful than a positive result
50
Q

If a dog tests positive for other
tick-borne pathogens,
how should it be managed ?

A
  • If clinical signs consistent with pathogen, TREAT -
51
Q

Anaplasma phagocytophilum disease and symptoms:

A

(granulocytic anaplasmosis):
- disease incubation = 1-2 weeks:
- fever, anorexia, lethargy
- lameness, stiffness, joint swelling
- lymphadenomegaly, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly

(from ixodes scapularis)

52
Q

Ehrlichia canis disease and symptoms

A

(monocytic ehrlichiosis):
- disease incubation = 8-20 days:
- fever, anorexia, weight loss
- polyarthritis
- lymphadenomegaly, splenomegaly
- CNS signs, dermal petechiae/ecchymoses
- cardiac arrythmias, anterior uveitis,
- scleral bleeding
- mucosal petechiae

(from rhipicephalus sanguineus)

53
Q

Anaplasma platys disease and symptoms

A

(thrombocytic anaplasmosis):
- disease incubation = 8-15 days?
- mild fever, uveitis
- petechiae, ecchymoses

(from rhipicephalus ehrlichiosis)

54
Q

Ehrlichia ewingii disease and symptoms:

A

(granulocytic ehrlichiosis):

from Amblyomma americanum

  • disease incubation = 18-28 days:
  • fever, anorexia
  • stiffness, joint swelling
  • CNS signs
55
Q

if a healthy (non-clinical) dog tests positive for toher tick-borne pathogens, how should it be managed?

A

If clinical signs consistent with pathogen, or CBC abnormality, treat with:
doxycycline for 1 month

3. HM Companion Module (11 decks)

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