Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

3. HM Companion Module > Geriatrics > Flashcards

Geriatrics Flashcards

1
Q

senior pets represent what percent of patients?

A

30-40%
>will likely increase over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is gerontology?

A

-Scientific study of aging in all aspects
-Important human discipline
-Emerging in vet med

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the aging process?

A

Sum of an animal’s anatomic, metabolic, and behavioural changes as it grows older

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

4 levels at which we can view the aging process

A

Cellular
Organ
Organism
Population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Variation of aging between and within species is dependent on

A

cell senescence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

damage theories of the aging process

A

Cellular wear and tear
>free radical oxidative damage, protein glycosylation, accumulation of metabolic byproducts, auto-immune, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

genetic theories of the aging process

A

Intrinsic programming (apoptosis)
Increased susceptibility to cellular damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

general considerations for geriatric medicine

A

Increased risk for dehydration
Blunted fevers and inflammatory responses
Reduced drug metabolism
Spectrum of client attitudes
Treat on out-patient basis if possible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

canine geriatric diseases, common

A

Heart failure
>mitral valve insufficiency, cardiomyopathy

Neoplasia (may cause any sign)

Chronic kidney disease
Hyperadrenocorticism
Diabetes mellitus
>these 3 give PU/PD

Chronic bronchitis (cough, DDx CHF)

Other common disorders still occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

common feline geriatric diseases

A

Chronic kidney disease
Neoplasia
Hyperthyroidism (HT)
Diabetes mellitus (DM)
Others: FIP, FIV
Other common diseases still occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

common complaint in feline geriatrics

A

PU/PD is a frequent complaint
>Consider DM, CKD, HT

Most sick cats are inappetent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

only common geriatric feline diseases which may cause polyphagia

A

DM and HT are the only common diseases which may cause polyphagia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

common geriatric disorders for both cats and dogs

A

Dental problems

Degenerative joint disease
>Especially in medium and large dogs
>Feline osteoarthritis is especially challenging for owners/vets to identify

Incontinence/inappropriate elimination
>Senility, neuromuscular, bladder, prostate, primary sphincter incompetence, PU/PD

Cognitive dysfunction syndrome (CDS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what feline geriatric condition can be hard to identify?

A

Feline osteoarthritis is especially challenging for owners/vets to identify

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is it important to exclude in a case of cognitive dysfunction for geriatrics?

A

medical causes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is DISHAA

A

cognitive dysfunction syndrome

  • disorientation
  • social interactions
  • sleep/wake cycles
  • housesoiling, learning, and memory
  • activity
    -anxiety
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is sarcopenia syndrome

A

-“Syndrome characterized by progressive and generalized loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength with a risk of adverse clinical outcomes, such as physical disability, poor quality of life, and death”
-Muscle loss not due to a specific disease
-Decreased anabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is frailty syndrome?

A

“Multi-system impairment associated with increased vulnerability to stressors and increased risk of adverse health outcomes”

Humans: ≥ 3 of 5 phenotype criteria
-Weakness
-Slowness
-Low level physical activity
-Self-reported exhaustion
-Unintentional weight loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is chronic kidney disease? what is the pathogenesis?

A

Renal mass decreases > surviving nephrons cannot autoregulate and systemic arterial pressure is transmitted to the glomerulus > glomerular hypertension and hyperfiltration

-Tublulointerstitial fibrosis
-Ascending loop of Henle has reduced sodium reabsorption with age
>Sodium loss is increased
>Medullary hypotonicity
-Tubular cells are frail in the aged kidney
>Progression to acute tubular necrosis and AKI can occur more easily

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

common urinary issues in geriatrics

A

-UTI can be common in the geriatric population
-Incidence of bacteruria has been shown to increase with age
>Changes in anatomy (vaginal and urethral atrophy)
>Changes to composition of urine
>Changes to frequency or amount of voiding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

common neurologic changes in geriatric dogs

A

Decrease in frontal lobe volume, increase in ventricular size (dogs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

common neurologic change in geriatric cats

A

Neuronal loss, cerebral atrophy, increase in ventricular size (cats)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

common neurologic changes in both cats and dogs

A

-Microhemorrhages/infarcts in periventricular vessels
-Increase in reactive oxygen species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

common geriatric conditions of the liver in dogs and cats

A

-Liver size and weight decrease with age
-Decline in regeneration rate and detoxification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

common geriatric changes of cat and dog cardiac system

A

-Reduced response to Beta-adrenergic stimulation
-Increase in myocardial and vascular stiffness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

common geriatric disorders of cat and dog resp system

A

-Decline in muscle strength
-Calcification of ribcage cartilage
>Reduced chest wall compliance
-Decreased ability to clear particles from airways
-Respiratory resistance increases and lung elasticity declines
-Pulmonary immune responses are exaggerated with age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what does ‘geriatric’ refer to?

A

at life expectancy and beyond

28
Q

most common causes of canine mortality

A

neoplasia, musculoskeletal, neurologic

29
Q

expected changes in an animal’s routine / behaviour as an animal become geriatric

A

-Decrease in activity, sleeping more during day
>Frailty
-Eating more slowly (reduced taste and smell)
-Decreased adaptability (including diet)
-More heat and cold intolerant (impaired thermoregulation)
-Decreased attentiveness, some loss of training (hearing and memory loss)

30
Q

expected change in weight and body composition as an animal becomes geriatric, and important consideration

A

Weight loss
-Decrease in lean body mass (muscle) and increase in fat (dogs and humans), begins in middle age
-Part of frailty & sarcopenia syndromes
-Do not attribute weight loss as an aging change without ruling-out specific disorders

31
Q

expected change in dog’s hair as it becomes geriatric

A

thinning, loss of lustre, graying (muzzle)
>Due to loss of tyrosinase of hair bulb melanocyte
>Graying < 4 years associated with anxiety & fear

32
Q

expected change in cat’s hair as it becomes geriatric

A

some loss of lustre
-Increased matting, scale, and greasiness reflect reduced grooming and are often a sign of illness

33
Q

changes in nails, footpads, sebum as animal becomes geriatric

A

-Nails longer (dogs) or thicker (cats)
-Footpads thicker and hyperkeratotic (dogs)
-Change in sebum production
-Photodamage

34
Q

changes in skin of geriatric cat, and why this is important to keep in mind for PE

A

Skin less elastic in cats
>Careful with overestimating dehydration

35
Q

what should be done with masses in the geriatric if there is a chance of malignancy?

A

Biopsy or remove if any chance of malignancy, especially cats

36
Q

disorder in geriatric dogs that can affect the skin

A

cushings/ hyperadrenocorticism

37
Q

muskuloskeletal changes common on PE of geriatric

A

-Stiff gait, joint crepitus (esp. large-breed dogs)
>Articular and periarticular causes
-Sarcopenia (esp. epaxial muscles)
-Hind limb tremors from muscle weakness
-Be wary of new lameness

38
Q

respiratory changes in geriatric animals

A

-Increased respiratory effort, breath sounds, crackles in dogs
-Worsening cough from tracheal collapse and associated disorders in dogs

39
Q

cardiovascular change common for geriatrics

A

Mitral murmur (esp. small breed dogs)

40
Q

digestive changes common in geriatrics

A

-Dental lesions
-Abdominal palpation organomegaly & masses
-Perianal adenomas in dogs

41
Q

genitourinary changes common in geriatrics

A

-Kidneys (esp. cats) for reduced size and irregularity
-Testicles/prostate in males
-Mammary tumors in females

42
Q

endocrine changes common in geriatric cats

A

Thyroid nodule in cats

43
Q

nervous system changes common in geriatric dogs and cats

A

-Some dogs show tremors and motor hesitancy
-Degenerative myelopathy in G. shepherd dogs
-Feline audiogenic reflex seizures (FARS)
-Cognitive dysfunction

44
Q

ear changes common in geriatric dogs

A

-Recurrent/chronic otitis externa usually develops at younger age – beware ceruminous gland carcinoma & other tumours
-Hearing loss
>Often begins with impaired ability to hear middle- to high frequency sounds

45
Q

eye changes common in geriatrics

A

-Lenticular sclerosis and cataracts
-Iris pigment changes
-Iris atrophy
>May affect pupillary light reflex
-Eyelid tumors
>Common and benign in dogs
>Rare and malignant in cats

46
Q

difference in eyelid tumors in cats vs dogs

A

-Common and benign in dogs
-Rare and malignant in cats

46
Q

geriatric nose changes

A

-Decrease in smell may be partial (hyposmia) or complete (anosmia)
-Can lead to:
>Decreased appetite
>Malnutrition
>Weight loss
-Nasal hyperkeratosis (cocker spaniels, labs)
-Assess for any nasal deformation or discharge
>Concern for nasal adenocarcinoma

46
Q

For clinical pathology blood values: Within reference intervals, compared to adults, senior dogs:

A

 RBC count lower (Fe metabolism?) “anemia of the elderly”
 WBC (both neutrophil and lymphocyte) counts lower but normal (dogs)
 increased Platelets
 increased Globulins, urea, creatinine, Ca, P, liver enzymes, cholesterol, K, AnGap
 decreased Albumin, glucose, Cl, Fe
 decreased Sp. gr., increased proteinuria

47
Q

expected changes on radiology for geriatrics

A

-Increased peribronchial, interstitial changes
-Pulmonary osteomas (especially collies, boxers)
-Lazy heart in cats
-Knobby aorta in cats

48
Q

does early detection of a disease always result in improved treatment?

A

-Early detection may not always result in improved treatment because disease may be advanced by time sign first appears

49
Q

veterinary cancer society: signs to look for for early detection of disorders

A

1) Abnormal swellings that persist or continue to grow
2) Sores that do not heal
3) Weight loss
4) Loss of appetite
5) Bleeding or discharge from any body opening
6) Offensive odor
7) Difficulty eating or swallowing
8) Hesitation to exercise or loss of stamina
9) Persistent lameness or stiffness
10) Difficulty breathing, urinating or defecating

50
Q

reccomendations for frequency of geriatric labwork

A

Annual/Bi-annual geriatric laboratory profiling

51
Q

minimum labwork for geriatric dog profile

A

CBC, biochemistry profile, urinalysis

52
Q

minimum labwork for geriatric cat profile

A

CBC, biochemistry profile, urinalysis, total T4

53
Q

nutritional supplements to help slow down aging

A

-Antioxidants (including SAMe)
-Phosphatidylserine (membrane phospholipid)
-Apoequorin (Ca buffering protein)
-Liver antioxidant if liver enzymes increased

54
Q

benefits of Diets high in medium chain triglycerides (e.g. coconut oil)

A

-Promote ketone formation (energy for brain)
-Improve mitochondrial function
-Decreased brain amyloid

55
Q

Drugs for cognitive dysfunction

A

-Selegiline (L-deprenyl, Anipryl)
>MAO B inhibitor
>Enhances dopamine and catecholamine action
>Shown to improve signs consistent with CDS in dogs
>May require >2 weeks before improvement is seen

-Anti-oxidants

56
Q

Therapy and Prevention: Anxiety and Night Walking

A

-Melatonin
>30 minutes before bedtime

-Diphenhydramine, trazodone
>Promote sedation

Anxiolytics

57
Q

what type of interactions are especially important for aging pets?

A

Interactions that support the human-animal bond are especially critical in aging pets

58
Q

what is the hayflick limit

A

The Hayflick limit is the concept that a normal cell can only divide so many times before it stops

59
Q

Cellular wear and tear can occur from

A

metabolic by-products, inflammatory cytokines, microenvironmental insults, and immune mediated etiologies

60
Q

Feline osteoarthritis is underestimated due to :

A

challenges in identifying clinical signs

61
Q

Sarcopenia syndrome encompasses :

A

muscle loss not due to a specific disease

62
Q

environmental _____ enrichment is an important aspect of geriatric medicine

A

enrichment
>Sensory, socialization, novelty, alternate types of exercise, etc

63
Q

Management of cognitive dysfunction can include:

A

Medications such as Selegiline
Environmental modifications and enrichment

64
Q

important types of enrichment

A

environmental:
-sensory, socialization

-need novelty in environment, and alternate types of exercise

3. HM Companion Module (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions