Tibetisch 2 Wichtigste Grammatik

Question 1

ལ་དོན་ particles

Answer 1

often joined with a location word and usually preceded by connection particle.

Question 2

ན་ Locative 1

Answer 2

-NUR NACH NOMEN LOKATIV! sonst konverb (if)
- Location
- Period or exact moment
- WITH INSTR. SUFFIX: cause/reason of following verbal action
- phrases like ‘for example’ དཔེར་ན་
- after nominalized verbs: temporal function

Question 3

ལ་. Locative 2

Answer 3

• Location
• mostly exact moment
• after nominalized verbs: connection of verbal events “and”
• Direction
• Beneficiary
• Recipient of the speed message
• Marking of oblique objects
• Marking of possessor
• Topicalization

Question 4

ཏུ༑དུ༑སུ༑རུ༑ར༑་Locative 3 - Terminative

Answer 4

• Location
• Period or exact moment
• Direction
• Beneficiary
• Marking of oblique objects
• Goal or purpuse
• The result of an action
  !!- Conditions and qualities: “als”
• Substitution of comtative and loc 2 suffixes
  Formation of adverbs

Question 5

སྟེ་ཏེ་དེ་ CONTINUATIVE PARTICLES

Answer 5

Nach Nomen in introduktiver Funktion. WHILE, AFTER, THEN, oder SEMIKOLON; BRACKETS Zeichen
kündigen eine nachstehende Begründung, Beschreibung, Defi-
nition oder Identifikation
Identifikation zu dem vorangehenden nominalen Begriff an
je nach Auslaut:
སྟེ་nachག་ང་བ་མ་
ཏེ་nachན་ར་ལ་ས་
དེ་nachད་

Question 6

ཅིང་ཞིང་ཤིང་ KONVERB particles

Answer 6

• richten sich nach Auslaut - -
• koordinierende Funktion “und” sometimes participle “…ing”
• can connect related adjectives
  ཅིང་nachག་ད་བ་
  ཞིང་nachང་ན་མ་འ་ར་ལ་
  དེ་nachས་

Question 6

ནས་ལས་ source particles

Answer 6

temporal succession “once = after”
ནས་ much more common, placed after root form of verb
ལས follows infite form of verb (verb + པ/བ)

Question 7

གང་ཅི་ཟི་སུ་
INTERROGATIVE Pronouns

Answer 7

Usually placed right before the verb
དང་ what?/ who? for things and persons
ཅི་/ཟི་ what? / how? for things
སུ་ who? for persons

often connected to case particles
དང་ལ་where? (to what?)
སུ་ལ་to whom?
ཅིར་to what? where?

Question 8

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS

Answer 8

are formed by adding ཞིག་ or
ཡང་ to one of the four interrogative pronouns གང་ཅི་ཟི་སུ་
wenn the verb is negated: “nothing”, “no one”

Question 9

Relative clauses

Answer 9

• Clause that qualifies NOUN: who, that , which, where
• placed right after noun or
• placed right before noun with connective particle
• unlike final verb of a sentence, Red Clauses END ALWAYS with INFINITIVE VERB (+ བ་/པ)
  ཆོས་བསྟན་པའི་སངས་རྐྱས། Buddha [who] teaches the Dharma
  ཆོས་བསྟནན་པའི་སངས་རྐྱས༑