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Jonathan's Endocrine > Thyroid Physiology > Flashcards

Thyroid Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is released in the posterior pituitary?

A

oxytocin and vasopressin

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2
Q

Which hormones regulate calcium level in the blood?

A

PTH
caltitonin
calcitriol

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3
Q

What is an example of type II hypersensitivity

A

Graves (MG is another)

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4
Q

What is the speed and duration of action of a hormone

A

slow speed, but long duration

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5
Q

T/F endocrine glands usually produce one type of horone

A

False, glands may produce multiple hormones

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6
Q

What’s involved in Addison’s disease?

A

chronic adrenal insufficiency (hypo-corticolism)

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7
Q

what’s a neurocrine molecule?

A

hormone secretion from a nerve signal

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8
Q

what are the three major pathways that use neurocrine signal?

A

hypothalamus to anterior pituitary
hypothalamus to posterior pituitary
catecholamines form adrenal medulla

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9
Q

what’s a tropic hormone?

A

a hormone that controls the secretion of another hormone

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10
Q

is tropic hormone different to trophic hormone?

A

Yes, trophic hormone is one that’s involved in growth and development

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11
Q

Peptide hormone is synthesised in _________, and stored in _______. It requires ________ release because of its ________ nature. Peptides dissolve in the plasma, hence have a ______ half-life. The receptors for peptide are located on the __________, and it will activate second messenger pathway to _________ proteins. An example of peptide hormone is ___________

A 
advance 
secretory vesicles 
exocytosis
hydrophilic 
short 
cell membrane 
modify existing 
insulin
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12
Q

Steroid hormone is synthesised __________. It is ________, so does not require vesicles. In the blood, it is bound to _______ and thus have a ______ half-life. Steroid acts on the _______ to modify ________, and usually leads to _______ of new _______. Some examples of steroid hormone are _____, ______, and ________

A 
on demand 
hydrophobic 
carrier proteins 
long 
nucleus 
gene transcription 
synthesis 
proteins 
oestrogen, androgen, cortisol
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13
Q

T/F Catacholamines are hydrophobic

A

False, it is hydrophilic and requires transport vesicle

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14
Q

T/F Catacholamines have short half-life

A

True

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15
Q

T/F Catacholamines induce synthesis of new proteins

A

False, it modifies existing proteins

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16
Q

How do protein carriers extend the half-life of hormones?

A

binding prevents liver metabolism and kidney excretion

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17
Q

Which two locations in the brain are responsible for Circadian rhythms

A

Pineal gland

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

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18
Q

What is primary endocrine disorder?

A

when the gland is abnormal

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19
Q

What is secondary endocrine disorder?

A

when the gland is normal, but the excretion rate is abnormal

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20
Q

Where is the abnormality in Cushing’s

A

Usually due to hypersecretion of ACTH from the pituitary

CRH from hypothalamus in this case is inhibited

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21
Q

T/F There is a neural link between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary

A

false, there is a vascular link

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22
Q

What is the advantage of having hypothalamic-hypophyseal system over directly releasing hormones into circulation

A

1) less hormone needs to be secreted

2) tropic hormones can be transported directly to pituitary

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23
Q

Is posterior pituitary a neural tissue?

A

Yes, it is an outgrowth of nervous tissue with a neural link to the hypothalamus

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24
Q

What’s another name for anterior pituitary?

A

adenohypophysis

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25
Q

What is the embryologic origin of anterior pituitary

A

glandular epithelial tissue, ectodermal cells

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26
Q

How to we access the pituitary?

A

Through the roof of the nasal cavity

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27
Q

What is the stalk connecting hypothalamus to the pituitary

A

infundibulum

28
Q

Which bone protects the pituitary?

A

sphenoid bone

29
Q

What is the action of vasopressin?

A

increase collecting duct permeability

decrease urine volume

30
Q

What is the function of oxytocin?

A 
milk ejection (not production) 
uterus contraction
31
Q

what’s the function of prolactin?

A

milk production

32
Q

What’s the stimulus for release of oxytoxin?

A

baby suckle

positive feedback from uterus contraction

33
Q

T/F oxytocin and vasopressin are formed in the posterior pituitary

A

False, they are formed in the hypothalamus and transported down

34
Q

Which two regions of the brain have control of posterior pituitary?

A

supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei

35
Q

Which is the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system?

A

between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary

36
Q

what does the HHP system carry?

A

preformed tropic hormone to the anterior pituitary

37
Q

T/F HHPS is connected to water circulation

A

False, it’s a direct delivery system over a short distance

38
Q

What’s the role of releasing hormones in the hypothalamus?

A

Stimulate the release of pituitary hormones in response to a positive feedback signal

39
Q

What’s the role of inhibiting hormones in the hypothalamus

A

inhibit the release of pituitary hormone in response of a negative feedback signal

40
Q

T/F the signal to the final production organ provides the negative feedback signal to hypothalamus and pituitary

A

False, it’s the release of hormones that provide the negative feedback

41
Q

What the other name for growth hormone?

A

somatotropin

42
Q

Does somatotropin have metabolic actions?

A

Yes, there are metabolic actions in organs such as liver, skeletal muscles and thyroid

43
Q

What are some higher centre stimuli that can alter hypothalamic secretion

A

stress, special senses (vision, for example), chemical exposure

44
Q

What’s the pathophysiology of Kallmann syndrome?

A

genetic abnormality causing failure of GnRH neurons to migrate to hypothalamus, causing hypogonadism and anosmia

45
Q

How long does postnatal growth spurt last?

A

2 years, then growth seems to plateau out with no sex differences

46
Q

What is “catch up growth”

A

Compensatory growth between 2 years to adolescent if the growth inhibiting factor is removed

47
Q

Which tissue has the fastest spur of growth up to about 12 years of age

A

lymphoid tissue

48
Q

What’s the other name for insulin like growth factor?

A

Somatomedin

49
Q

What’s the metabolic effect of somatotropin

A

anti-insulin, increase blood fatty acid and glucose during fasting

Promote protein synthesis in muscles

50
Q

T/F growth hormone is a peptide hormone

A

True, hence with short half life as it’s not bound by carrier proteins

51
Q

T/F Growth hormone and thyroid hormone work together for growth

A

True, thyroid hormone is permissive to growth

52
Q

Which hormone is our final height determined by

A

oestrogen

53
Q

What are some ways that can cause growth hormone deficiency?

A

Primary disorder in hypothalamus or pituitary

Growth hormone insensitivity (Laron dwardism)

54
Q

What’s the treatment for GH deficiency?

A

GH replacement - use genetically engineered human GH

55
Q

What’s cretinism and what is it caused by?

A

severely stunted growth due to childhood hypothyroidism

56
Q

What’s the commonest form of dwarfism in humans?

A

achondroplasia

57
Q

What is acromegaly caused by?

A

excess growth hormones

58
Q

What does the thyroid gland secret?

A

thyroid hormone and calcitonin

59
Q

What is the cellular set up of the thyroid gland?

A

follicular cells surround the colloid follicle

C cells to produce calcitonin

60
Q

How much T3 is derived from T4? Which enzyme converts T4 to T3

A

80%

deiodinase

61
Q

What are the actions of thyroid hormone?

A

increased BMR and oxygen consumption
modulate metabolism
SNS mimetic

62
Q

T/F Stress decreases TRH production

A

true

63
Q

When will the production of TRH increase in infants?

A

in response to cold

64
Q

Do we get goitre in a hypothalamic failure?

A

reduced production of TRH and TSH, so no goitre

65
Q

Why do we get goitre in Graves

A

TSI acts as a trophic factor to cause goitre

Jonathan's Endocrine (9 decks)

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