Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Summer 2014 - High Resolution ✔️ > Thyroid & Parathyroid Glands > Flashcards

Thyroid & Parathyroid Glands Flashcards

0
Q

what is the thyroid’ job

A

maintains metabolism, growth, and development

synthesizes, stores, and secretes hormones through tissue/blood not ducts

function - control BMR (basil metabolic rate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

the thyroid/parathyroid are in what system of the body

A

largest endocrine gland in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

the thyroid is located in the ___________ neck at the level of the thyroid cartilage

A

anteroinferior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how many lobes does the thyroid have

A

2 - left and right

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what connects the 2 lobes of the thyroid

A

the isthmus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

the thyroid straddles the ________ anteriorly

A

trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

the thyroid is bounded laterally by the _______ arteries and _______ veins

A

carotid arteries

jugular veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

_______ _______ arises from the isthmus

A

pyramidal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

the thyroid develops prenatally in the _____ week

A

3rd

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

_________ duct connects thyroid to the tongue

A

thyroglossal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

thyroglossal duct atrophies by the _____ week

A

8th

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

if thyroglossal duct persists what might form

A

cyts, fistulas, accessory pyramidal lobe** (15-30%)

extends superiorly from isthmus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

can be considered ______ tissue

A

ectopic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the shape of the thyroid

A

U or H shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

thryroid varies with what 3 things

A

age, gender, and body surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what lobe is usually larger, right or left

A

right lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

do females or males have larger thyroids

A

females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

lobes = ______

A

size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the normal size of an adult thyroid

A

4-6 cm long x 1.3-1.8 cm AP x 1.5-2 cm wide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the normal size of the isthmus

A

2-6 mm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is anterior to the thyroid

A

strap muscles

sternocleidomastoid muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is posterolateral to the thyroid

important

A

CCA
IJV
longus colli muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is medial to the thyroid

A

larynx
trachea
esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are the 3 strap muscles

A

sternohyoid
omohyoid
sternothyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

the thyroid is _____ vascular

A

highly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

2 _____ _____ arteries from ECA descend to upper poles

A

superior thyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

2 ______ ______ arteries from subclavian and ascend to lower poles

A

inferior thyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

corresponding veins drain into the ______ vein

A

IJV (internal jugular vein)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is the first branch off the ECA

A

superior thyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

______ is processed by follicular cells to manufacture, store, and secrete thyroid hormones

A

iodine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

the thyroid gland traps iodine from _____ and through a series of _____ reactions

A

blood

chemical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

trapping iodine produces which thyroid homones

A

T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

when thyroid hormone is needs by the body, it is released into the bloodstream by action of thyrotropin, or ______-______ hormone, produced by pituitary gland

A

thyroid - stimulating hormone (TSH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

_______ decreases concentration of calcium in blood by first acting on bone to inhibit its breakdown

A

calcitonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

calcitonin helps to maintain what

A

homeostasis of blood calcium

secreted by C-cells or parafollicular cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what is the most potent hormone

A

T3 - triiodothyronine 10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

thyroid produces 90% of which hormone

A

T4 - thyroxine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

hormones are stored in the _____

A

colloid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

the pituitary produces what hormone

A

TSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

secreation of TSH is controlled by what….what produces with hormone

A

TRH

hypothalmus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what is euthyroid

A

the correct amount of hormone production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what is hyperthyroidism

A

increased amount of hormone production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what is hypothyroidism

A

decreased amount of hormone production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

describe hypothyroidism

A 
undersecretion of hormones
low intake of iodine
inability of thyroid to produce thyroid hormones
chronic autoimmune thyroiditis
pituitary gland or hypothalamus disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

some clinical signs of hypothyroidism

A 
weight gain
hair loss
increased tissue around eyes
lethargy
cold intolerance
dry skin
bradycardia
45
Q

sonographic appearance of hypothyroidism

A 
diffusely abnormal
decreased heterogeneous echogenicity
normal
enlarged with irregular surface
small calcifications
46
Q

describe hyperthyroidism

A

oversecretion of thyroid hormones
entire gland out of control
Graves’ disease
toxic adenomas

47
Q

clinical signs of hyperthyroidism

A 
dramatic increase in metabolic rate
weight loss with increased appetite
nervous energy
tremors
excessive sweating
tachycardia
exopthalmos - bulging eyes & retraction of eyelids
48
Q

sonographic appearance of hyperthyroidism

A

normal sized or enlarged gland
inhomogeneous
hypervascularity - key sign for Graves’ disease

49
Q

describe thyroid functioning tests

A

nuc med

blood tests to measure T3 & T4

50
Q

describe “hot” nodules on nuc med tests

A

hyperfunctioning nodule

5-10% of all nodules - usually benign

51
Q

describe “cold” nodules on nud med tests

A

nonfunctioning

80-85% of all nodules - 10-15% of these are malignant

52
Q

what is an important part to do before scanning the thyroid

A

get patient’s history

53
Q

how should a patient lay for a thyroid scan

A

supine positioning with pillow under shoulders for hyperextension of neck

54
Q

what tranducer is used to scan a thyroid

A

high frequency linear

55
Q

each lobe is imaged in ______ and ______ planes

make sure you also image the ______

A

long and trans

isthmus

56
Q

transverse sono landmarks

A

CCA
IJV
trachea

57
Q

Longitudinal sono landmarks

A

should extend lateral to include region of CCA

58
Q

the thyroid has what kind of echotexture

A

fine homogeneous

59
Q

vessels will be seen as ______ tubular structures

A

anechoic

60
Q

muscles with appear as _______

A

hypoechoic

61
Q

what should be documented during a thyroid scan

A

define texture (solid, cystic, or complex)
single/multiple
location
evaluate adjacent lymph adenopathy

62
Q

US is also used for _________ procedures of the thyroid

A

interventional

63
Q

what is the most common cause of thyroid disorders world wide

A

iodine deficiency

64
Q

what does iodine deficiency lead to

A

goiter formation

hypothyroidism

65
Q

_________ processes responsible where iodine is not deficent

A

autoimmune

66
Q

autoimmune processes can lead to what

A

hypothyroidism

hyperthroidism

67
Q

describe a goiter

A 
diffused enlargement of thyroid
peak age 35-50 yrs
females 3:1
80% is caused by hyperplasia of the gland
hampers hormone secretion
may become very large
endemic goiter
68
Q

what are the types of goiters

A

nodular hyperplasia
multinodular goiter
adenomatous hyperplasia
simple/non-toxic - no functional disturbance/happens in puberty
multinodular/toxic - increased/decreased function

69
Q

causes of goiters

A 
iodine deficiency
thyroid hormone deficiency
Graves' disease
thyroiditis
neoplasm
cyst
70
Q

describe non-toxic (simple) goiter

A

diffuse uniform enlargement
iodine deficiency
dietary shortage or gland malfunction
may lag behind = hypothyroidism

71
Q

describe toxic multinodular goiter

A 
may be spontaneous
may be end stage of simple goiter
enlarged heterogeneous
focal scarring, ischemia, necrosis, cyst formation, calcifications
asymmetry
72
Q

describe Graves’ disease

A

female > 30
autoimmune
most frequent cause of hyperthyroidism

73
Q

what is the Graves’ disease triad

A

triad - diffuse toxic goiter, exopthalmos, dermis thickening

74
Q

Graves’ disease sonographically

A

hypoechoic
diffuse homogeneous enlargement
increased color flow

75
Q

what is the to go word for Graves’ disease

important

A

“thyroid inferno”

due to increased color flow

76
Q

describe thyroiditis

A

swelling and tenderness

infection or autoimmune

77
Q

what are the 2 types of thyroiditis

A

De Quervain’s - viral infection

Hashimoto’s - destructive autoimmune disorder

78
Q

describe De Quervain’s

A 
subacute granulomatous thyroiditis
fever
enlarged gland
pain on palpation
pain may radiate to ear or jaw
79
Q

describe Hashimoto’s

A 
chronic autoimmune lymphocytic
painless onset
diffusely enlarged gland
young to middle aged females
heterogeneous as progresses & tenderness
eventual severe gland damage = hypothyroidism - MOST COMMON
80
Q

Hashimoto’s sonographically

A 
hypoechoic
coarse 
homogeneous
thickened fibrous strands - chronic sign
increased color flow - in acute stage
over time - fibrotic, ill defined, heterogeneous
increased risk for malignancy
81
Q

what is the most common cause for US

A

palpable nodule

82
Q

what is degeneration of follicular adenoma, may have debris

A

cysts

83
Q

what are neoplasmic, complete fibrous encapsulation, females > males, many appearances commonly have peripheral halo, may cause hyperfunction

A

adenoma

84
Q

describe cysts

A

10-15% of solitary nodules

common - colloid or degeneration or necrosis of adenomatous nodules

benign if < 4 cm

85
Q

describe an adenoma

A 
true benign neoplasm
encapsulated
solitary
well defined
females 7:1
most common thyroid neoplasm
"cold" nuc med nodule
86
Q

types of adenomas

A 
embryonal
fetal
colloid
follifular
hyperplasic
87
Q

describe carcinoma of the thyroid

A

rare
most common 40-60 yrs
risk of malignancy decreases with multiple nodules
sonographically - variable
**calcifications present 50-80% of all types
female 2:1
suspicious if single nodule seen & under 14 or over 65 yrs

88
Q

describe papillary carcinoma

A 
MOST COMMON - 75-90%
3rd & 7th decade of life
female
predominant thyroid cancer in children
25 % laminate calcifications
20% metastatic cervical adenopathy
least aggressive
89
Q

papillary carcinoma sonographically

A

hypoechoic
microcalcifications 90%
hypervascularity 90%
cervical lymph node metastasis 20%

90
Q

describe follicular carcinoma

A

MORE AGGRESSIVE than papillary
females
solid nodule
metastases to lung, bone, and other distant sites

91
Q

follicular carcinoma sonographically

A

irregular
firm
nodular enlargement

92
Q

describe medullary carcinoma

A

5% thyroid cancers

hard bulky mass, enlargement

93
Q

medullary carcinoma sonographically

A

bright echogenic foci within solid mass

94
Q

what is medullary carcinoma associated with

A

elevated serum calcitonin

multiple endocrine neoplasm (MEN) type II

95
Q

describe anaplastic carcinoma

A

rare

occurs after 50

MOST LETHAL

hard fixed mass with rapid growth

invades neck structures, causing death by compression & asphyxiation

6 mos - 1 yr lift expectancy

96
Q

describe lymphoma

A 
primarily non-hodgkin's type
older females
< 4% of all thyroid malignancies
rapidly growing neck mass
preexisting chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis - Hashimoto's
97
Q

lymphoma sonographically

A

nonvascular hypoechoic mass

adjacent thyroid heterogeneous

98
Q

what is the parathyroid anatomy

A

4 paired glands - (3-5) not uncommon
2 posterior superior poles, 2 posterior inferior poles
may be in neck/mediastinum
flat and disc shaped

99
Q

parathyroid sonographic findings

A 
not usually seen
isoechoic to thyroid
normal < 4 mm
> 5 mm is enlarged, hypoechoic
elongated masses between posterior longus colli & anterior thyroid
100
Q

parathyroid physiology

A

calcium-sensing organs
produces PTH (parathyroid hormone)
when serum calcium decreased, PTH increased
PTH acts on bone, kidney, & intestine to enhance calcium absorption
unexplained hypercalcemia = US

101
Q

describe primary hyperparathyroidism

A

increased function of the parathyroid glands
females
increased PTH from an adenoma, hyperplasia, or carcinoma
primary hyperplasia - hyperfunction with no apparent cause

102
Q

describe secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

chronic hypocalcemia from renal failure, vit D def, malabsorption syndromes

compensatory reaction

leads to PTH stimulation

includes all 4 glands

primary hyperplasia - parathyroid

103
Q

describe parathyroid adenoma

A

MOST COMMON cause of primary hyperparathyroidism 80%

can not discern adenoma from cancer

104
Q

parathyroid adenoma sonographically

A

hypoechoic
solid
encapulated
discrete borders

105
Q

neck masses: describe thyroglossal duct cyst

A

CONGENITAL anomaly
midline & anterior to trachea
remnant of tubular development
oval or spherical masses rarely larger than 2-3 cm

106
Q

thyroglossal duct cyst sonographically

A

cystic mass anterior to trachea

107
Q

neck masses: describe branchial cleft cysts

A

remnant of embryologic development
tract from pharyngeal cavity to auricle
results in cystic formation lateral to thyroid gland
may present with solid components, especially if infected

108
Q

neck masses: describe abcesses

A

can be anywhere in neck
wide range of appearances
MOST COMMON low level echogenicity and irregular walls

109
Q

describe adenopathy

A 
shape of node should be oval
homogeneous with central core echo complex
more round - ? malignancy
echo free node - ? inflammatory process
fine needle aspiration to confirm
110
Q

describe abn lymph nodes

A 
loss of fatty hilum
irregular margins
cystic areas of degeneration
calcifications
round
> 7 mm width or AP

Summer 2014 - High Resolution ✔️ (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions