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Summer 2014 - High Resolution ✔️ > MSK > Flashcards

MSK Flashcards

0
Q

the characteristic long fibers are under voluntary control allowing us to do what

A

contract a muscle and move a joint

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1
Q

skeletal muscle contains long organized units called what

A

muscle fibers

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2
Q

MSK consists of what kind of muscles

A

cardiac

skeletal

smooth

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3
Q

what 3 things follow the fibrous partitions between the bundles of muscle

A

blood vessels

lymphatics

nerves

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4
Q

Muscle patterns have fibers that run _____ to the bone, have a _____ shape, or occur in a ______ pattern

A

parallel

fan

pinnate (uni-, bi-, multi-, circum-)

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5
Q

what does pinnate mean

A

feather like

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6
Q

attachment of the muscle occurs at the prox and distal portions of the bundle…this attachement is called a what

A

tendon

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7
Q

what is a tendon

A

a collection of tough collagenous fibers

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8
Q

what is a synovial sheath

A

a tubular sac surrounding a tendon that has 2 layers

fluid separates the 2 layers of the sheath and occurs in the shoulder, hand, wrist, and ankle

sheath helps significantly with US

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9
Q

support and strength of a joint results in part from the ______

A

ligaments

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10
Q

what is a ligament

A

short bands of tough fibers connect bones to other bones

important for knees, ankles, and shoulders

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11
Q

what is a bursa

A

saclike structure surrounding joints and tendons containing a viscous fluid

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12
Q

what are nerves

A

the conduits for impulses to and from the muscles and central nervous system

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13
Q

what parts of the body does MSK deal with

A 
shoulder
elbow
wrist
hip
thigh
ankle
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14
Q

what is the gold standard for MSK

A

MRI

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15
Q

what are the 4 types of tendons

A

biceps
subscapularis
infraspinatus
supraspinatus

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16
Q

define location of the biceps

A

located on the anterior surface of the humerus

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17
Q

define location of the subscapularis

A

located anterior medially on the rotator cuff

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18
Q

define location of the infraspinatus

A

located posteriorly to the shoulder

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19
Q

define location of the supraspinatus

A

abducts the arm at the shoulder

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20
Q

acute disease may image a sheath that is ______ than the contained tendon

A

thicker

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21
Q

what are 2 ALWAYS things to do when scanning tendons

A

image contralateral side for comparison

image 2 planes

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22
Q

describe the Achilles’ tendon

A

tendon of the posterior calf attaching the gastrocnemius and soleus muscle

thickest and strongest tendon

normally 5-7 mm in thickness and 12-15 cm in diameter

23
Q

_______ imaging of the LIGAMENTS is the only method used to image injury

A

longitudinal

24
Q

why is transverse imaging of ligaments not helpful

A

because ligament is blending with the surrounding fat

25
Q

______ ligament helps maintain the proper location of the long biceps tendon within the bicipital groove

A

coracohumeral

26
Q

______ and ______ flexor tendons have a surrounding synovial sheath that allows smooth motion of the pulley system of the hand

A

superficial and deep

27
Q

what do normal dynamics of the muscle image easily in real time

A

because contraction of the muscle increases the muscle thickness and hypoechogenicity

28
Q

name a muscle that has echogenic obliquely oriented connective tissue between the muscle bundles

A

bipennate gastrocnemius muscle

29
Q

what does a small central tendon do

A

serves as the anchor

30
Q

normal nerves have a _________ appearance when compared with muscle but are _________ to tendons

A

hyperechoic

hypoechoic

31
Q

the longitudinal plane of nerves reveals a ________ pattern with parallel inner linear echoes similar to the tendon

A

fibrillar

32
Q

in transverse imaging the nerve fibers appear _______ with a _______ perineurium surrounding each fiber

A

hypoechoic

hyperechoic

33
Q

name the upper limb nerves

A

suprascapular
median
radial
ulnar

34
Q

name the lower limb nerves

A

sciatic - largest nerve in body

popiteal

35
Q

what is a bursa

A

small sac between two moving surfaces, usually tendon and bone, in the bursa

36
Q

what are the 2 types of bursa found in the body

A

communicating

noncommunicating

37
Q

what is one bursa communicating bursa seen often which is located in the medial popliteal fossa

A

baker’s cyst - pain in knee o prox calf, swelling

38
Q

any bursa measuring greater than ____ mm is enlarged and needs to be compared with the normal contralateral side2

A

2

39
Q

sonographic evaluation of MSK

A

higher frequency transducer unless patient has larger joints

positioning of the joint of interest is an IMPORTANT part of the exam

place patient is comfortable position that allows for good ergonomics

tissue harmonics aid in identifying fluid collection

color and power doppler

dynamics movements

40
Q

what 2 tendons lack a synovial sheath

A

achilles and patellar

41
Q

what are indications for shoulder sonography

A 
shoulder pain or swelling
pain with joint rotation
weakness with arm elevation
trauma
decreased range of motion
evaluation of soft tissue masses
42
Q

describe rotator cuff

A

shoulder anatomy is quite complex, with numerous bursa, muscles, and tendons surrounding the joint

comparison with the contralateral normal shoulder always is helpful in determining the absence or presence of pathology

43
Q

what exam is used to for the shoulder during ultrasound

A

13 point shoulder US exam

44
Q

describe shoulder biceps tendon subluxation / dislocation

A

the dislocation of the biceps tendon from the bicipital groove

45
Q

when small amount of effusion is seen posterior to the tendon it might indicate what

A

mild tenosynovitis

46
Q

describe rotator cuff tears

A

biceps tendon rupture, falls, and shoulder dislocations are a few causes of an acute rotator cuff tear

47
Q

describe carpal tunnel

A

easiest to see in transverse

locating the ulnar artery at the wrist crease helps orientation

primary entrapment or compression neuropathy of the median nerve

48
Q

indications for wrist sonography

A 
masses
loss or decrease of digital mobility
pain and swelling
trauma
foreign body location
numbness of the middle and index finger
weakness or clumsiness of the hand
tingling with nerve percussion - Tinel's sign
pain w/ wrist flexion when sustained for a min or longer - Phalen's sign
49
Q

describe normal achilles’ tendon

A

largest tendon of the body
may develop tendinitis
AP diameter = 5-6 mm
tendon thickens due to inflammation or trauma

50
Q

indications for achilles’ tendon sonography

A 
abn Thompson test
trauma
displacement of Kager's fat pad
knot or bulge over prox tendon
audible pop or snap followed by a sharp pain
inability to stand on toes
swelling
heel pain for more than 4 weeks
descreased strength or mobility
postoperative monitoring
51
Q

describe Thompson test

A

plantar flexion will not occur with squeezing of calf while patient is kneeling on chair

52
Q

what shape does the achilles’ tendon demonstrate in transverse

A

oval

53
Q

describe tendinitis

A

MOST COMMON tendon abnormalities is inflammation

elasticity loss
disease such as rheumatoid arthritis
overuse or acute trauma

54
Q

describe anisotropy artifacts

A

sound beam misses the transducer on the return because of the curve of the structure

Summer 2014 - High Resolution ✔️ (7 decks)

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