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Clinical Chemistry 2 > Thyroid Hormones > Flashcards

Thyroid Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

Thyroid gland is also known as?

A

BUTTERFLY-SHAPED GLAND

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2
Q

This butterfly-shaped gland is consists of what?

A

TWO LOBES that are attached on each side of TRACHEA, located in the LOWER PART OF THE NECK, just BELOW THE VOICE BOX—LARYNX

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3
Q

Term called the narrow band connecting these lobes?

A

ISTHMUS

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4
Q

When does the gland begins to produce measurable amount of hormones?

A

11 WEEKS OF GESTATION / ALMOST 3 MONTHS

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5
Q

What is the fundamental structural unit of thyroid gland?

A

FOLLICLE

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6
Q

What are the two types of thyroid gland cells?

A
  1. FOLLICULAR CELLS
  2. PARAFOLLICULAR / C CELLS
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7
Q

What does follicular cell produce?

A
  1. TRIIODOTHYRONINE (T3) / 3,5,3’ TRIIODOTHYRONINE
  2. TETRAIODOTHYROXINE / 3,5,3”* TETRAIODOTHYROXINE / THYROXINE (T4)
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8
Q

What does parafollicular cell / c cells produce?

A

CALCITONIN

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9
Q

A glycoprotein that acts as a preformed matrix

A

THYROGLOBULIN

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10
Q

The preformed matrix of thyroglobulin contains?

A

TYROSYL GROUP

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11
Q

Thyroglobulin is stored in?

A

FOLLICULAR COLLOID

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12
Q

One way to produce thyroid hormones?

A

IODINE-RICH FOOD CONSUMPTION

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13
Q

While the thyroid gland gatherd ______, it is also forming ______

A

IODINE
THYROGLOBULIN

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14
Q

Thyroid gland has the capacity of what?

A

ACTIVE / AUTOMATIC ABSORPTION

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15
Q

What is iodine in thyroid system?

A

MOST IMPORTANT ELEMENT IN THE BIOSYNTHESIS of thyroid hormones

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16
Q

Iodination of tyrosine residues results in formation of what?

A
  1. MONOIODOTYROSINE (MT)
  2. DIIODOTYROSINE (DIT)
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17
Q

What does thyroid-stimulating hormones do?

A

STIMULATE THE SYNTHESIS OF THYROID HORMONES

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18
Q

What is the sub-unit of thyroglobulin?

A

TYROSINE

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19
Q

Describe protein-bound thyroid hormones

A
  1. METABOLICALLY ACTIVE
  2. DO NOT ENTER CELLS
  3. BIOLOGICALLY INERT
  4. STORAGE SITE FOR CIRCULATING THYROID HORMONES
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20
Q

In order for T3 and T4 to be unformed, what should be done?

A

REMOVE TYROSINE FROM T3 AND T4

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21
Q

Where does the removal of tyrosine happens?

A

KIDNEYS AND/OR LIVER

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22
Q

What does the removal of tyrosine forms?

A

FREE T3 AND FREE T4

23
Q

True / False: The minute levels of free hormone fractions readily enters cells by non-specific membrane transport mechanism to exert their non-biological effects.

A

FALSE; SPECIFIC AND BIOLOGICAL

24
Q

True / False: The effects are mediated by T4 receptors located in the endothelial cell.

A

FALSE; T3 AND NUCLEUS

25
Q

Without this, thyroid gland will not be able to produce T3 and T4.

26
Q

Where is TSH produced?

A

PITUITARY GLAND

27
Q

What happens to MIT and T3 when iodine resources diminished?

A

Both MIT and T3 is INCREASED

28
Q

Explain the concept of Reverse T3.

A

It is produced by the REMOVAL OF ONE IODINE FROM THE INNER RING OF T4; INACTIVE PRODUCT

29
Q

Other term for MIT?

30
Q

Other term for DIT?

31
Q

Differentiate free form from reverse.

A

FREE FORM IS REMOVAL OF TYROSINE FROM T3 AND T4, where REVERSE IS REMOVAL OF ONLY 1 IODINE

32
Q

A neuroendocrine system that regulates the production and secretion of thyroid hormones

A

HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-THYROID AXIS (HPTA)

33
Q

Indicative of deficiency of hormone secretion

A

IODINE INTAKE OF 50PG/DAY

34
Q

Enumerate functions of thyroid hormones.

A
  1. FOR TISSUE GROWTH
  2. FOR MENTAL DEVELOPMENT
  3. FOR DEVELOPMENT OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
  4. ELEVATED HEAT PRODUCTION
  5. CONTROL OF OXYGEN CONSUMPTION
  6. IT INFLUENCE CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN METABOLISM
  7. FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION
35
Q

Explain thyroid hormone biosynthesis.

A

Refer to illustration

36
Q

Triiodothyronine (T3) / 3,5,3’ triiodothyronine is considered as what?

A

HAS THE MOST ACTIVE THYROID HORMONAL ACTIVITY

37
Q

How many percent is produced from the tissue deiodination of T4-conversion of T4 to T3?

38
Q

Production of T3 is usually happens in?

A

KIDNEYS AND LIVER

39
Q

What is the principal application of T3?

A

TO DIAGNOSE T3 THYROTOXICOSIS

40
Q

Enumerate clinical significance of T3.

A
  1. BETTER INDICATOR OF HYPERTHYROIDSM
  2. FOR RECOGNITION OF REOCCURENCE “
  3. FOR CONFIRMATION OF DIAGNOSIS “
41
Q

What is the 1st abnormal indication of hyperthyroidism?

A

INCREASED PLASMA LEVEL OF T3

42
Q

Give the reference value of T3 for adult and children.

A

ADULT: 60-160 pg/dL or 0.9-2.46 nmol/L
CHILDREN: 1-14 years old - 105-245 ng/dL or 1.8-3.8 nmol/L

43
Q

Tetraiodothyroxine / 3,5,3”* tetraiodothyroxine / thyroxine (T4) is known as

A
  1. PRINCIPAL SECRETORY PRODUCT
  2. PROHORMONE FOR T3 PRODUCTION
44
Q

Tetraiodothyroxine / 3,5,3”* tetraiodothyroxine / thyroxine (T4) has the

A

MAJOR FRACTION OF ORGANIC IODINE IN THE CIRCULATION

45
Q

Circulating T4 originates where and how many percent?

A

THYROID GLAND; 100%

46
Q

Causes inhibition of TSH secretion, and vise versa.

A

ELEVATED TYROXINE (T4)

47
Q

Give the reference value of T3 for adult and neonate.

A

ADULT: 5.5-12.5 pg/dL or 71-161 nmol/L
NEONATE: 11.8-22.6 pg/dL or 152-292 nmol/L

48
Q

Enumerate the different thyroid hormone binding proteins.

A
  1. THYROXINE-BINDING GLOBULIN (TBG)
  2. THYROXINE-BINDING PRE-ALBUMIN / TRANSTHYRETIN
  3. THYROXINE-BINDING ALBUMIN
49
Q

Transports majority of T4

A

THYROXINE-BINDING GLOBULIN (TBG)

50
Q

Describe TBG’s affinity.

A

T3 IS LOWER THAN T4

51
Q

How many T4 does TBG transport?

A

70-75% OF TOTAL T4

52
Q

How many T4 does transthyretin transport?

A

15-20% OF TOTAL T4

53
Q

Describe transthyretin’s affinity.

A

T3 HAS NO AFFINITY FOR PREALBUMIN

54
Q

Thyroxine-binding albumin transports what?

A

T3 AND 10% OF T4

Clinical Chemistry 2 (3 decks)

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