Introduction to Endocrinology Flashcards
STUDY of processes involved in the regulation and integration of cells and organ system
ENDOCRINOLOGY
Metabolic activity in the body can be REGULATED BY?
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM
Main functioning unit
HORMONE
Regulatory system of the body
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Group/network of ductless gland of internal secretion
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Hormone is necessary for?
Normal growth, development, reproduction, hemeostasis
Name the MAJOR ENDOCRINE GLANDS.
- Hypothalamus
- Pituitary gland
- Pineal gland
- Thyroid gland
- Parathyroid gland
- Adrenal gland
- Islet of Langerhans (pancreas)
- Ovaries
- Testes
Endocrine system is REGULATED BY MEANS OF?
Control of hormone synthesis rather than by degradation
What ENABLES THE CONTROL of the overall function of the endocrine system?
HORMONE FORMATION
Refers to the collection of hormones
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Where does “endocrine” comes from?
Greek words
“Endo”
“Crine”
Name all DEDICATED endocrine glands.
- Hypothalamus
- Pituitary gland
- Pineal gland
- Thyroid gland
- Parathyroid gland
- Adrenal gland
- Endocrine pancreas
- Ovaries
- Testes
A chemical messenger
HORMONE
Act as messenger molecules in the body
HORMONES
In what forms can hormones be?
Proteins, lipids/fats, amino acids
Could AFFECT METABOLIC ACTIVITY of a cell or tissues
HORMONES
Allows hormones to bind
RECEPTOR
Promote increase of PLASMA GLUCOSE
GLUCAGON AND CORTISOL
True / False :
Each hormone is produced by a non-specific gland.
FALSE; specific
Produced by specialized cells
CHEMICAL SIGNALS
Secreted into the bloodstream and carried to a target site of action as free hormone or bound to transport protein
CHEMICAL SIGNALS via specialized cells
What role of hormone does injection of hormones or therapy to produce secondary characteristics such as body transformation falls to?
Controls the biochemical changes
Explain POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM.
Increased product = system activity & production rate
Explain NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM.
Increased product ≠ system activity & production rate
There is reinforcement
POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM
Major function of Negative Feedback Mechanism
To maintain constant of chemical composition of ECF and ICF.
Example of stimulating or releasing hormone
THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH)
Hormones secreted can be STIMULATED AND INHIBITED BY…
- Other hormones
- Plasma concentrations of ions or nutrients + binding globulins
- Neurons and mental activity
- Environmental changes
Affects the level of calcium
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Proteins that will COMBINE with plasma
BINDING GLOBULINS
True / False : High binding globulin level will not affect the hormone level.
TRUE; low BG : H is affected
May INHIBIT hormones
Level of nutrients in plasma
Environmental changes may took place with
Light or temperature
Enumerate all TYPICAL HORMONE ROLES
- Stress Response
- Maintenance of Hemeostasis
- Regulation of Episodic / Cyclic Events
- Growth / Overall Regulation
- Hormones may have more than 1 function
Under what hormone role is CORTISOL and EPINEPHRINE; what are they for?
STRESS RESPONSE; Heart rate regulation, blood pressure regulation, inflammation
Under what hormone role is INSULIN, GLUCAGON, and CORTISOL; what are they for?
MAINTENANCE OF HEMEOSTASIS; regulate blood glucose level and energy supply, hemeostasis
A hypoglycemic agent
INSULIN
Takes effect when the plasma glucose is high
INSULIN
A hyperglycemic agent
GLUCAGON AND CORTISOL
Under what hormone role is ESTROGEN, INSULIN, and OXYTOCIN; what are they for?
REGULATION OF EPISODIC / CYCLIC EVENTS; regulation of lactation among lactating mothers, pregnancy, effects of eating
Under what hormone role is GROWTH FACTORS, TROPIC HORMONES?
GROWTH / OVERALL REGULATION
Regulates PRODUCTION OF OTHER types of hormones
TROPICS
Another example of hormone for growth / overall regulation
ACTH
Examples of hormone with more than one function
CORTISOL and insulin
Maintain hemeostasis
CORTISOL
Secreted in larger amounts in response to stress
CORTISOL
Enumerate all the PATTERNS OF HORMONE COMMUNICATION.
- Autocrine
- Paracrine
- Endocrine
- Neuroendocrine
- Juxtacrine
- Exocrine
- Neurocrine
Hormone secreted by a cell and acts on that cell
AUTOCRINE
What does “auto” means?
“SELF”
Where does endocrine bind to?
SPECIFIC RECEPTOR OF THE CELL
Autocrine results in what?
Self-regulation of its function
Where does autocrine, via cells, secrete?
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
Affect the function of the same cells that produced them by binding to cell surface receptor
AUTOCRINES
Hormone secreted by a cell and act on nearby cells
PARACRINE
Where is paracrine released?
INTERSTITIAL CELL
Binds to the receptor of the adjacent cells
PARACRINE
Where does paracrine secreted?
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
Affects neighboring cells of different types
PARACRINE
True / False : Hormones secreted into the extracellular space cannot regulate nearby cells without passing through the systemic circulation.
FALSE; can also regulate
True / False : Hormones secreted into the extracellular space cannot regulate or specialized
Endocrine is released into the circulating blood by either what?
GLANDS OR SPECIALIZED CELLS
What do endocrine hormones influence?
The function of cells at another location or parts of the body
What type of circulation is involved in endocrine?
SYSTEMATIC CIRCULATION
Hormones secreted by nerve cells—the endocrine cell is neuron—into the blood
NEUROENDOCRINE
Also involved in secreting hormones
NEURON
Neuroendocrine acts on what?
DISTANT TARGET CELLS
Juxtacrine is secreted in?
ENDOCRINE CELLS
Juxtacrine remain in relation (only) to what?
PLASMA MEMBRANE in the surface
From the plasma membrane, this hormone could have an immediate effect or cell-to-cell contact on the receptor of adjacent cell
JUXTACRINE
Not released in the external environment
JUXTACRINE
Secreted exocrines are released into?
LUMEN OF THE GI TRACT
Could affects the function of the gut by binding to target receptors
EXOCRINE
State the difference between neuroendocrine and neurocrine.
Neuroendocrine : distant cell
Neurocrine : neighboring / nearby / adjacent cell
What action does “Hormones must maintain the consistency of the chemical composition of the extracellular and intracellular fluid,” fall into?
REGULATORY FUNCTION
In regulatory function, concentration in and out of the cell must maintain in what?
HOMEOSTASIS
True / False: In Regulatory Function, hormones play an important role in controlling the growth of the particular cell, bones, and tissues as part of the growth cycle of individual cells.
FALSE; morphogenesis
True / False : In Integrative Action, each hormones has a specific function, therefore, several or different endocrine hormones cannot execute function as one.
FALSE; can
Enumerate all ACTIONS OF HORMONES.
- Regulatory Function
- Morphogenesis
- Integrative Function
All proteins are synthesized where?
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (RER)
It is synthesized in polyribosomes as larger precursors, known as a PREHORMONES / PREPROHORMONES
SECRETORY PEPTIDES
Secretory peptides is synthesized in the form of what?
SECRATORIC GLAND
When there’s a need for these (secretory peptide) hormones, those secretory granules will do what?
CLEAVING TO RELEASE THESE HORMONES
What are the possible storage form for peptides or protein hormones?
SECRRTORY GRANULES / VESICLES
Produce their effects on the outer surface of the cell; destined for secretion outside the cell
PEPTIDES / PROTEIN HORMONES
True / False : Peptides / Protein hormones can cross the cell membrane.
FALSE; cannot
True / False : Peptides / Protein hormones are free form, water-soluble, and bound to carrier protein.
FALSE; not bound
Is peptides / protein hormones hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
HYDROPHILIC
True / False: Most of the hormones that exist in the body are amines / amino acid derived hormone.
FALSE; peptide / protein hormone
Enumerate examples of glycoprotein.
Parathyroid hormone, erythropoietin, thyroid hormone, hCG
Enumerate examples of polypeptides.
ACTH, ADH/VH, GH, Angiostensin, Calcitonin, Cholecystokinin, Gastrin, Glucagon, Insulin, MSH, Oxytocin, PTH, Prolactin, Somatosin
