Thyroid Gland , Parathyroid Gland Flashcards
Glucose
A six carbon sugar that is a major energy source for the body C6H12O6. Glucose—-»» cellular respiration
Glycolysis
Breakdown of glucose to 2 pyruvate and 2 ATP
Gluconeogenesis
Formation of glucose from non carbohydrates precursors, especially amino acids
Glycogen
Polysaccharide of glucose that serves as energy storage in animals
Glycogenesis
The synthesis of glycogen from glucose
Glycogenolysis
The breakdown of glycogen into glucose.
Glucagon
Hormone produced by pancreas, by alpha cells (a cells) , to increase your blood glucose levels (BGL)
Thyroid glands
- the largest endocrine gland, composed of circular follicles
- colloids fills the lumen of the follicles and is the precursor of thyroid hormones
- parafollicular cells ( c cells ) produce the hormone calcitonin
Which endocrine gland produced and released calcitonin?
Thyroid gland and parafollicular cells
What does calcitonin do ?
Calcitonin reduces blood calcium levels
Thyroid gland contains what
Numerous follicles
Which endocrine gland releases several hormones such as thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) that regulate metabolism?
Thyroid gland
T4 and T3
- Increase protein synthesis
- promotes glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, glucose uptake
C cells produce calcitonin which helps what ?
Helps regulate calcium concentration in body fluids
T3 ( triiodothyronine) and T4 (Thyroxine) are two closely related _________ -containing compounds.
Iodine
T3 is ____ times more _____ than T4
Ten, active
T3 & T4 binds to _______________ or albumin for transport in the blood
Thyroid binding globulins (TBG)
Triiodothyronine (T3)
2 tyrosine + 3 (I)
Thyroxine (T4)
2 tyrosine + 4 (I)
Thyroid hormones
Regulation of Thyroid Hormones
Parathyroid hormones (PTH)
Is an amino acid based or what are water soluble hormone is produced and released by the thyroid gland these are tiny glands on the back of the thyroid. Parathyroid hormones increase blood calcium extremely.
What produce parathyroid hormone (PTH) ?
Chief cells
Chief cells produce parathyroid hormones (PTH) in response to ______________________.
Lower than normal calcium concentrations
Parathyroid hormones are _____________ of calcium levels in healthy adults
Regulators
Draw the parathyroid hormone pathway
> parathyroid gland secretes parathyroid hormone ( PTH)
- Release of store calcium from bone
- stimulation of osteoblasts
- Enhanced reabsorption of calcium in kidneys
- stimulation of final conversion of vitamin D to calcitriol in kidneys; causes enhanced ca2+ and PO4^-3
————-»> Calcium levels rise
> thyroid glands produces Calcitonin
- increases excretion of calcium in kidneys
- calcium deposition in bone
- inhibition of osteoclasts
——-> calcium levels decline
Draw the thyroid hormone (TH) pathway
