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CC and HISTO PLEASE LAST NA > Thyroid Gland and Hormones > Flashcards

Thyroid Gland and Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

Thyroid Gland is shaped like?

A

BUTTERFLY

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2
Q

Thyroid gland consists of ____ lobes, namely: ___ and ____ ; Which are connected by narrow band?

A

2; TRACHEA and LARYNX; ISTHMUS

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3
Q

How many weeks of gestation does thyroid gland begin to produce measurable amounts of hormone?

A

11

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4
Q

T/F
Does thyroid hormone play an important role?

A

TRUE

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5
Q

These hormones influence metabolic activity in the body

A

T3 and T4

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6
Q

T/F
All thyroid hormones DO NOT NEED IODINE to be formed

A

FALSE; ALL THYROID HORMONES ARE FORMED BY THE PRESENCE OF IODINE

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7
Q

Steps in regulation of Thyroid Gland

A
  1. Iodide
  2. Thyroid (oxidized)
  3. combined with Tyrosine
  4. Forms MIT and DIT
  5. coupled with T3 and T4
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8
Q

These are precursors or pro-hormones for the production of hormones.

A

MIT and DIT

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9
Q

Fundamental structural unit of the thyroid
gland

A

FOLLICLES

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10
Q

Follicles appear as ____; They are also shaped as _____; They rest in the _____ and rich in _____

A

tiny buds/ sacs; RING; basement membrane; GLYCOPROTEIN

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11
Q

The apex of the follicular cells has

A

MICROVILLI

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12
Q

2 Types of cells:

A
  1. Follicular cells
  2. Parafollicular cells
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13
Q

Type of cell that secretes T3 and T4 hormones

A

Follicular cells

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14
Q

T/F
Follicular cells produce some ACTIVE rT3 and rT4

A

FALSE; INACTIVE rT3 and rT4

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15
Q

Follicular cells have precursors namely?

A

MIT and DIT

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16
Q

Parafollicular cells is also known as

A

C cells

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17
Q

Type of cell that produces calcitonin

A

Parafollicular cells/ C cells

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18
Q

Physiologic Effects of Thyroid Hormones (6)

A
  1. Growth maturation and Sexual development
  2. Heat Production and Energy expenditure
  3. Influence carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism
  4. Increase oxygen consumption.
  5. Increase heart rate.
  6. Increase blood volume.
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19
Q

This acts as preformed matrix containing tyrosyl groups.

A

THYROGLOBULIN

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20
Q

Thyroglobulin is stored in ____
It weighs about ____

A

follicular colloid of thyroid gland; 15-25 g

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21
Q

Steps in stimulating Thyroid hormone

A
  1. Hypothalamus
  2. secretes TRH
  3. stimulate anterior Pituitary
  4. secretes TSH
  5. stimulate Thyroid hormone
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22
Q

T/F
Is there a Positive feedback on hypothalamus and pituitary gland

A

FALSE; NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

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23
Q

It is the GRADUAL or SLOW decreasing release of hormones; narrow or maintain limits

A

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

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24
Q

Percentage of T4 and T3 that is thyroid origin

A

100% T4 and 20% T3

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25
Q

Where is the 20% of T3 originates?

A

Enzymatically non-thyroidal tissues

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26
Q

What is Monodeionization?

A

T4 becoming T3

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27
Q

Classifications of Thyroid Glands

A
  1. Hyperthyroidism
  2. Hypothyroidism
  3. Euthyroidism
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28
Q

Hyperthyroidism is the ____ of thyroid hormones

A

EXCESS/ INCREASED

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29
Q

2 types of Hyperthyroidism

A
  1. Primary
  2. Secondary
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30
Q

Primary Hyperthyroidism PROFILE and gland that is abnormal

A

Increased T3, T4 and Decreased TSH; THYROID

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31
Q

Secondary Hyperthyroidism PROFILE and gland that is abnormal

A

Increased TSH, Pre-T4; PITUITARY

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32
Q

It is due to pituitary destruction of pituitary adenoma

A

Secondary Hyperthyroidism

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33
Q

Hyperthyroidism is caused by: (7)

A
  1. Graves’ disease – antibody present against TSH (antibody attacks TSH)
  2. Toxic adenoma – exposure to agents causing abnormalities.
  3. Toxic multinodular adenoma
  4. Exogenous iodine and Iodine-containing drugs.
  5. Ectopic thyroid tissue pituitary tumor
  6. TSH secreting pituitary tumor
  7. Thyroid cancer
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34
Q

Symptoms of Hyperthyroidism (6)

A
  1. Heat intolerance
  2. Tachycardia
  3. Weight loss
  4. Weakness
  5. Emotional inability
  6. Tremor
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35
Q

Conditions of Hyperthyroidism

A
  1. Thyrotoxicosis
  2. Thyroid Storm
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36
Q

A condition that is applied to a GROUP OF SYNDROMES caused by HIGH LEVELS OF FREE THYROID HORMONES in the circulation

A

THYROTOXICOSIS

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37
Q

Thyrotoxicosis PROFILE and is also known as:

A

TSH is low; FT₄ is normal but increased FT₃; Plummer’s disease

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38
Q

A condition that is rare and is destructive or severe when ignored

A

THYROID STORM

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39
Q

Hypothyroidism is the ____ of thyroid hormones

A

DECREASED

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40
Q

Hypothyroidism is treated with

A

thyroid hormone replacement therapy or levothyroxine

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41
Q

Hypothyroidism is caused by: (7) PAPACAR

A
  1. Pituitary/ hypothalamus
  2. Atrophic hypothyroidism
  3. Post-surgery
  4. Autoimmune hypothyroidism/ Hashimoto’s
  5. Congenital hypothyroidism
  6. Anti-thyroid drug therapy
  7. Radioactive therapy
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42
Q

3 types of Hypothyroidism

A
  1. Primary
  2. Secondary
  3. Tertiary
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43
Q

Primary Hypothyroidism PROFILE and gland that is abnormal

A

decreased T3 and T4; Increased TSH; THYROID

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44
Q

Primary Hypothyroidism is caused by

A

destruction or ablation of thyroid gland

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45
Q

Other causes of Primary Hypothyroidism

A

Surgical removal of the gland
Radiation exposure
Drugs like LITHIUM

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46
Q

Secondary Hypothyroidism PROFILE and gland that is abnormal

A

decreased T3, T4, TSH; PITUITARY

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47
Q

Tertiary Hypothyroidism PROFILE and gland that is abnormal

A

decreased T3, T4, TSH and TRH; HYPOTHALAMUS

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48
Q

Due to hypothalamic disease

A

Tertiary Hypothyroidism

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49
Q

Euthyroidism is a problem in ____ which makes it ____

A

rT3; INCREASED

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50
Q

Euthyroidism is caused by: (3)

A
  1. Presence of goiter
  2. Thyroid adenoma
  3. Thyroid carcinoma
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51
Q

Major component of thyroid hormone

A

IODINE

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52
Q

Major source of IODINE

A

DIET

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53
Q

Additional source of IODINE

A

DEIONIZATION

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54
Q

Conversion of thyroid hormones:

A

LIVER, KIDNEYS; T4 – T3

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55
Q

Hormones which THYROID DO NOT ENTER CELLS and is Biologically inert

A

Protein bound thyroid hormones

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56
Q

T/F
Protein-bound thyroid hormones acts as RESERVOIR for circulating thyroid hormones

A

TRUE

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57
Q

Hormones that are a Physiologically active form of thyroid hormones and it readily enter cells; exert biological effects

A

Free thyroid hormones

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58
Q

REGULATES production and secretion of thyroid hormone

A

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid axis or HPTA

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59
Q

MAIN THYROID HORMONE released from thyroid gland.

A

THYROXINE or Total T4

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60
Q

Reference range for THYROXINE or Total T4 is

A

5-12.5 ug/dL (adults)

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61
Q

Distribution of THYROXINE or Total T4

A
  • 70% of T4: bound to thyroid binding globulin (TBG)
  • 20% of T4: bound to Transthyretin/Prealbumin.
  • 10% of T4: bound to albumin
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62
Q

Thyroid disorders and their relation to Total T4

A
  1. Primary hypothyroidism
  2. Hyperthyroidism
  3. T4 thyrotoxicosis
  4. Low T3 and low T4 syndrome
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63
Q

Primary hypothyroidism PROFILE in Total T4

A

decreased T4; increased TSH

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64
Q

Hyperthyroidism PROFILE in Total T4

A

increased T3 and T4; decreased TSH

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65
Q

T4 thyrotoxicosis PROFILE in Total T4

A

increased T4; normal serum T3

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66
Q

Low T3 and low T4 syndrome PROFILE in Total T4

A

decreased T3 and T4

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67
Q

Analytical method for THYROXINE or Total T4

A

IMMUNOASSAY (Ab reagent)

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68
Q

Reference Interval of Thyroxine/ Total T4

A

5-12.5 ug/dL (71-161 mmol/L)

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69
Q

A CLASSICAL METHOD of adjusting a total T4 measurement for ALTERATIONS in binding protein

A

T3 uptake test

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70
Q

Biologically active fraction of T4 in circulating blood

A

FREE THYROXINE/ Free T4

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71
Q

Thyroid disorders and their relation to FT4

A
  • Hyperthyroidism: increased or high FT4
  • Hypothyroidism: decreased or low FT4
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72
Q

Reference method of measurement for Free thyroxine/ Free T4 is

A

Equilibrium dialysis

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73
Q

Other methods of measurement for Free thyroxine/ Free T4

A
  1. ULTRAFILTRATION
  2. SYMMETRICAL dialysis
  3. MASS SPECTROMETRY
  4. IMMUNOASSAYS
  5. FT4 INDEX
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74
Q

A free T4 method that uses PRESSURE to push the plasma sample through a dialysis membrane

A

ULTRAFILTRATION

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75
Q

A free T4 method that plasma is DIALYZED against itself, using a radioactive tracer added on one side to measure the rate of diffusion of FT4 which is proportional to its concentration.

A

SYMMETRICAL dialysis

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76
Q

A free T4 method that simultaneously measures FT4 and FT3.

A

MASS SPECTROMETRY

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77
Q

A free T4 method that is from total T4 and unbound T4 sites serum proteins

A

FT4 INDEX

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78
Q

MAJOR THYROID HORMONES

A
  1. T3
  2. rT3
  3. T4
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79
Q

Also known as: 3,5,3’ triiodothyronine

A

T3 or TRIIODOTHYRONINE

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80
Q

Most active thyroid hormone

A

T3 or TRIIODOTHYRONINE

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81
Q

T/F
T3 or triiodothyronine is MORE tightly bound to serum proteins than T4

A

FALSE; LESS

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82
Q

Greater proportion of T3 exists in 3 forms namely:

A
  1. Free form
  2. Diffusible state
  3. Protein-bound
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83
Q

Production of T3 or TRIIODOTHYRONINE

A

80% – produced outside the thyroid (tissue) through the deionization process.
20% - formed within thyroid gland

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84
Q

The principal application of T3 or TRIIODOTHYRONINE

A

Diagnosis of T3 thyrotoxicosis

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85
Q

T/F
FT4 is better indicator of recovery from
hyperthyroidism

A

FALSE; T3 or TRIIODOTHYRONINE

86
Q

T/F
T3 or TRIIODOTHYRONINE can be used for Reoccurrence of thyroidism

A

TRUE

87
Q

T/F
FT4 is helpful in confirming diagnosis of
hyperthyroidism

A

FALSE; T3 or TRIIODOTHYRONINE

88
Q

An increase in the plasma level is the first abnormality seen in cases of

A

HYPERTHYROIDISM

89
Q

Thyroid disorders and their relation to T3

A
  1. T3 thyrotoxicosis
  2. Hyperthyroidism
  3. Hypothyroidism
90
Q

Analytical Method for T3 or TRIIODOTHYRONINE

A

IMMUNOASSAYS

91
Q

Reference Values for T3 or TRIIODOTHYRONINE

A
  • 80-200 ng/dL or 1.2 – 3.1 nmol/L (adult)
  • 105 – 245 ng/dL or 1.8 – 3.8 nmol/L (children 1-14 yrs old)
  • 60-160 ng/dL or 0.92-2.46 nmol/L (neonates)
92
Q

It is the MAJOR METABOLITE of THYRONINE and produced by deiodination of T4

A

rT3 or REVERSE TRIIODOTHYRONINE

93
Q

It is the removal of 1 Iodine from the inner ring of T4 and the end-product of FT4 metabolism

A

rT3 or REVERSE TRIIODOTHYRONINE

94
Q

T/F
rT4 is used to assess borderline or conflicting laboratory results of thyroid hormones

A

FALSE; rT3 or REVERSE TRIIODOTHYRONINE

95
Q

T/F
rT3 identifies patients with Euthyroid sick syndrome (increased rT3)

A

TRUE

96
Q

T/F
rT3 is used to represent the product of T4 metabolism

A

TRUE

97
Q

Also known as 3,5,3’5’ tetraiodothyronine

A

T4 or TETRAIODOTHYRONINE

98
Q

Principal secretory product of thyroid

A

T4 or TETRAIODOTHYRONINE

99
Q

T/F
Does T4 level represents the organic iodine level present in circulation

A

TRUE

100
Q

The amount of ____ is a good indicator of the thyroid secretory production rate

A

serum T4

101
Q

Elevated thyroxine causes inhibition of _____ and vice versa.

A

BH secretion

102
Q

Reference values for T4 or TETRAIODOTHYRONINE

A
  • 5.5 -12.5 ug/dL or 71-161 nmol/L (adult)
  • 11.8 – 22.6 ug/dL or 152-292 nmol/L (newborn/ neonate)
103
Q

Other Hormones in Thyroid Gland

A
  1. Thyrotropin – releasing hormone (TRH)
  2. Thyroid – stimulating hormone (TSH)
  3. Thyroglobulin
104
Q

Regulate their own production by feedback inhibition to synthesis of TRH and TSH in the hypothalamus and pituitary

A

TRH or Thyrotropin – releasing Hormone

105
Q

TRH is a _____ derived from a large prepro-TRH molecule.

A

Modified tripeptide

106
Q

TRH acts also on the production of other pituitary hormones, especially _____

A

PROLACTIN

107
Q

This plays a significant role in the regulation of the TRH gene

A

LEPTIN

108
Q

Synthesized in the anterior pituitary gland that controls the biosynthesis and release of thyroid hormones from thyroglobulin

A

TSH or Thyroid – stimulating hormone

109
Q

Less bound to serum protein compared to T4

A

TSH

110
Q

TSH is a ____ with ____ and ___ subunits

A

GLYCOPROTEIN; A and B

111
Q

Subunit that has the same amino acid sequences as LH, FSH and hCG

A

A subunit

112
Q

Subunit that carries the specific information to the binding receptors for expression of hormonal activities.

A

B subunit

113
Q

It is regulated by the hypothalamus through TRH as well as negative feedback from the thyroid hormones

A

TSH

114
Q

Most important test in determining thyroid dysfunction

A

TSH

115
Q

Measured commonly by 3RD GENERATION ASSAY that can measure down to 0.005 mU/L

A

TSH

116
Q

Thyroid Disorders and their relation to TSH

A
  1. Hypothyroidism
  2. Nonthyroidal Illness
  3. Subclinical hyperthyroidism
117
Q

Hypothyroidism disorder in TSH has 3 types:

A
  1. Primary hypothyroidism
  2. Secondary hypothyroidism
  3. Subclinical hypothyroidism
118
Q

Primary hypothyroidism PROFILE in TSH

A

TSH levels are markedly elevated

119
Q

Secondary hypothyroidism PROFILE in TSH

A

TSH secretion is decreased

120
Q

Subclinical hypothyroidism PROFILE in TSH

A

elevated TSH levels but with T4 and FT4 levels are within the reference interval/ normal

121
Q

Nonthyroidal Illness PROFILE in TSH

A

TSH levels may be increased or decreased

122
Q

Subclinical hyperthyroidism PROFILE in TSH

A

TSH levels are decreased with T4 and T3 levels within reference interval

123
Q

Reference Interval for TSH

A

0.5-5 uIU/mL

124
Q

TSH and free T3 for hyperthyroidism classes

A
  1. T3 Thyrotoxicosis
  2. T4 Thyrotoxicosis
125
Q

Overproduction of T3 with normal to low-normal T4

A

T3 Thyrotoxicosis

126
Q

Overproduction of T4 with normal to low-normal T3

A

T4 Thyrotoxicosis

127
Q

Synthesized and secreted by the follicles.

A

THYROGLOBULIN

128
Q

It reflects thyroid mass, thyroid injury, and TSH receptor stimulation.

A

THYROGLOBULIN

129
Q

T/F
Is THYROGLOBULIN useful in monitoring the course of thyroid disease or response to treatment

A

TRUE

130
Q

T/F
Is THYROGLOBULIN recommended in pre-operative identification of thyroid malignancy?

A

FALSE; NOT RECOMMENDED

131
Q

Conditions of THYROGLOBULIN (3)

A
  1. Grave’s disease
  2. Thyroiditis
  3. Nodular goiter
132
Q

THYROID HORMONE BINDING PROTEINS

A
  1. Thyroxine – binding globulin (TBG)
  2. Thyroxine – binding prealbumin (Transthyretin)
  3. Thyroxine – binding albumin (TBA)
133
Q

Main serum carrier for T3 and T4

A

Thyroxine – binding globulin (TBG)

134
Q

This thyroid hormone binding protein’s measurement is helpful if serum T3 and T4 levels do not agree with other laboratory parameters of thyroid function or not compatible with clinical findings

A

Thyroxine – binding globulin (TBG)

135
Q

Thyroxine – binding globulin (TBG) transports:
T4:
T3:

A

70-75%
80%

136
Q

Thyroxine – binding prealbumin (Transthyretin) transports:
T4:
T3:

A

15-20%; NONE

137
Q

Thyroxine – binding albumin (TBA) transports:
T4:
T3:

A

10%; 20%

138
Q

An autoimmune thyroid disease causes cellular damage and alters thyroid gland function

A

THYROID AUTOANTIBODIES

139
Q

3 thyroid autoantigens

A
  1. TPO (thyroperoxidase)
  2. Tg (thyroglobulin)
  3. TSH receptor (TR)
140
Q

A thyroid autoantigen that antibodies responsible in hypothyroidism in Hashimoto’s and atrophic thyroiditis

A

TPO (thyroperoxidase)

141
Q

Also known as TRAbs or thyroid stimulating Ig or long-acting thyroid stimulators (LATS)

A

TSH receptor (TR)

142
Q

TSH receptor (TR) in Grave’s Disease

A

Ig induced goiter and hyperthyroidism

143
Q

Drugs that INCREASE in Thyroid Autoantibodies (COH-5)

A

Clofibrate estrogens
Oral contraceptives
Heroin Methadone
5-fluororacil

144
Q

Drugs that DECREASE in Thyroid Autoantibodies

A

Androgens
Glucocorticoids

145
Q

Genetic condition that INCREASE in Thyroid Autoantibodies

A

Acute or Chronic active hepatitis
Pregnancy
Idiopathic

146
Q

Genetic condition that DECREASE in Thyroid Autoantibodies

A

Complete deficiency partial liver failure
Malnutrition
Nephrotic syndrome

147
Q

Screening for thyroid disorders is recommended when a person reaches _____ and ____

A

35 YEARS OLD and every 5 YEARS thereafter

148
Q

The MOST COMMON CAUSE of Thyrotoxicosis which is an autoimmune disease.

A

Graves’ Disease (Diffuse Toxic Goiter)

149
Q

Graves’ Disease (Diffuse Toxic Goiter) occurs 6x more commonly in ____

A

WOMEN

150
Q

Caused by CIRCULATING ANTIBODIES to the TSH receptor – STIMULATING and BLOCKING antibodies

A

Graves’ Disease (Diffuse Toxic Goiter)

151
Q

Distinct features of Graves’ Disease

A

Exophthalmia (bulging eyes)
Pretibial myxedema

152
Q

Diagnostic test for Grave’s Disease

A

TSH receptor antibody test or TR antibody test

153
Q

The thyroid turns into a woody or stony-hard mass.

A

Riedel ‘s Thyroiditis

154
Q

It shows no clinical symptoms but TSH levels are low, and FT₃ and FT₄ normal.

A

Subclinical Hyperthyroidism

155
Q

Associated with neck pain, low-grade fever, and swings in thyroid function tests

A

Subacute Granulomatous/Sub acute Non-supprative Thyroiditis/De Quervain’s Thyroiditis (Painful Thyroiditis)

156
Q

In Subacute Granulomatous/Sub acute Non-supprative Thyroiditis/De Quervain’s Thyroiditis (Painful Thyroiditis) when Thyroidal Peroxidase (TPO) antibodies are absent:

A

ESR and thyroglobulin levels are elevated.

157
Q

The most common cause of primary hypothyroidism

A

Hashimoto’s Disease (Chronic Auto-Immune Thyroiditis)

158
Q

Methods for testing Hashimoto’s Disease (Chronic Auto-Immune Thyroiditis) and its result

A

TPO antibody = (+) result
TSH = increased

159
Q

Describes the peculiar nonpitting swelling of the skin

A

Myxedema

160
Q

In Myxedema the skin becomes infiltrated by

A

mucopolysaccharides

161
Q

Myxedema that is a severe form of primary hyperthyroidism

A

Myxedema coma

162
Q

Clinical features of Myxedema (WESDAP)

A
  • “Puffy Face”
  • Weight gain
  • Slow speech
  • Eyebrows thinned
  • Dry and yellow skin
  • Anemia
163
Q

Defects in the development or function of the gland.

A

Congenital Hypothyroidism/Cretinism

163
Q

Congenital Hypothyroidism/Cretinism screening test and result

A

T₄ (decreased)

164
Q

Congenital Hypothyroidism/Cretinism confirmatory test and result

A

TSH (decreased)

165
Q

The most SPECIFIC and SENSITIVE TEST for diagnosing thyroid disease

A

TRH Stimulation Test (Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone)

166
Q

TRH Stimulation Test (Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone) measures relationship between ____ and ____ secretions

A

TRH and TSH secretions

167
Q

TRH Stimulation Test is used to differentiate ___ and ____ patients who both had undetectable TSH levels.

A

euthyroid and hyperthyroid

168
Q

TRH Stimulation Test may also be helpful in the detection of _____

A

thyroid hormone resistance syndromes

169
Q

Dose needed in TRH Stimulation Test

A

500 µg TRH by IV

170
Q

TRH Stimulation Test is INCREASED in ____ and DECREASED in ____

A

Primary hyperthyroidism; Hyperthyroidism

171
Q

The MOST IMPORTANT thyroid function test; BEST screening test

A

TSH Test

172
Q

The MOST CLINICALLY SENSITIVE ASSAY for the detection of primary thyroid disorders

A

TSH Test

173
Q

TSH Test helps in early detection of

A

hypothyroidism

174
Q

TSH Test differentiate _____ from _____

A

primary hypothyroidism; secondary hypothyroidism

175
Q

TSH Test is used to MONITOR and ADJUST ____

A

thyroid hormone replacement therapy

176
Q

It is used to measure the ability of the thyroid gland to trap iodine

A

Radioactive Iodine Uptake (RAIU)

177
Q

It is helpful in establishing the CAUSE of hyperthyroidism

A

Radioactive Iodine Uptake (RAIU)

178
Q
  • It is normally used as a POSTOPERATIVE MARKER of thyroid cancer.
  • It is used in MONITORING the course of METASTATIC or RECURRENCE of thyroid cancer.
A

Thyroglobulin (Tg) Assay

179
Q

Thyroglobulin (Tg) Assay INCREASES levels in

A
  • Untreated and metastatic differentiated thyroid cancer
  • Hyperthyroidism
180
Q

Thyroglobulin (Tg) Assay DECREASES levels in

A
  • Infants with goitorous hypothyroidism
  • Thyrotoxicosis factitia
181
Q

Thyroglobulin (Tg) Assay reference values

A
  • 3-42 ng/mL or µg/mL (Adult)
  • 38-48 ng/mL or µg/mL (Infant)
182
Q

Thyroglobulin (Tg) Assay methods for testing

A
  • double-antibody RIA,
  • ELISA,
  • IRMA
  • Immunochemiluminescent assay (ICMA)
183
Q
  • It is used to assess BORDERLINE or CONFLICTING laboratory results.
  • It identifies patients with EUTHYROID sick syndrome
A

Reverse T₃ (rT₃)

184
Q

Reverse T₃ (rT₃) reference Value

A

38-44 ng/dL

185
Q

It indirectly assesses the level of free T₄ in blood

A

Free Thyroxine Index (FT₄1 or T₇)

186
Q

Free Thyroxine Index (FT₄1 or T₇) is based on the ____ of bound T₄ and FT₄.

A

equilibrium relationship

187
Q

It is IMPORTANT in CORRECTING Euthyroid individuals

A

Free Thyroxine Index (FT₄1 or T₇)

188
Q

Free Thyroxine Index (FT₄1 or T₇) is elevated and decreased in

A

hyperthyroidism; hypothyroidism

189
Q

Reference method of Free Thyroxine Index (FT₄1 or T₇)

A

Equilibrium dialysis

190
Q

Free Thyroxine Index (FT₄1 or T₇) reference value

A

4-12 %

191
Q

Test used to DIFFERENTIATE drug-induced TSH elevation and hypothyroidism

A

FT4

192
Q

The value of ___ is in confirming hyperthyroidism.

A

TT₃ or FT₃

193
Q

Measures the NUMBER of AVAILABLE binding sites of the thyroxine-binding proteins, most notably TBG

A

T₃ Uptake Test

194
Q

T/F
T₃ uptake Test does measure the level of thyroid hormones in serum

A

FALSE; DOEST NOT

195
Q

In T₃ uptake Test, ____ increases TBG while ___ depresses TBG

A

Estrogen; Androgen

196
Q

T₃ Uptake Test INCREASED levels in (HEC)

A
  • Hyperthyroidism
  • Euthyroid patients
  • Chronic liver disease
197
Q

T₃ Uptake Test DECREASED levels in (4)

A
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Oral contraceptives
  • Pregnancy
  • Acute hepatitis
198
Q

T₃ Uptake Test reference value

A

25-35%

199
Q

It is used to CONFIRM RESULTS of FT₃ or FT₄ or abnormalities in the relationship of the total thyroxine

A

Thyroxine Binding Globulin Test (TBG)

200
Q

It is useful to distinguish between hyperthyroidism causing thyroxine levels and euthyrodism with increased binding by TBG and increased thyroxine

A

Thyroxine Binding Globulin Test (TBG)

201
Q

___ and __ are dependent on the amount of TBG

A

Total serum T₃ and T₄

202
Q

Thyroxine Binding Globulin Test (TBG) INCREASED levels in (3)

A
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Pregnancy
  • Estrogen
203
Q

Thyroxine Binding Globulin Test (TBG) DECREASED levels in (2)

A
  • Anabolic steroids
  • Nephrosis
204
Q

MOST ACCURATE TOOL in the evaluation of thyroid nodules

A

Fine-Needle Aspiration

205
Q

Used to test patients with thyroid cancers for the PRESENCE of RESIDUAL or RECURRENT disease

A

Recombinant Human TSH

206
Q

Method and Test in Recombinant Human TSH

A
  1. Tanned Erythrocyte Hemagglutination Method
  2. Serum Calcitonin Test
207
Q

Recombinant Human TSH that is method for antithyroglobulin antibodies

A

Tanned Erythrocyte Hemagglutination Method

208
Q

Recombinant Human TSH that is test for tumor marker for DETECTING RESIDUAL THYROID METASTATIC in medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC)

A

Serum Calcitonin Test

209
Q

Most common cause of hypothyroidism

A

Atrophic hypothyroidism

210
Q

Decreased size or shrinkage of hypothalamus

A

Atrophic hypothyroidism

CC and HISTO PLEASE LAST NA (4 decks)

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