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CC and HISTO PLEASE LAST NA > GEN. PATHOLOGY & EXFOLIATIVE CYTOLOGY > Flashcards

GEN. PATHOLOGY & EXFOLIATIVE CYTOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

the study of disease/ diseases; study of all changes that underly a disease

A

PATHOLOGY

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2
Q

3 Types of Pathology

A
  1. Biochemical
  2. Functional
  3. Structural
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3
Q

It is the START of Pathology:
It is the END of Pathology:

A

CELL; DISEASE

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4
Q

Abnormalities in Cell Growth (4)

A
  1. APLASIA
  2. AGENESIA
  3. ATRESIA
  4. HYPOPLASIA
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5
Q

Incomplete or defective development of tissue or organ

A

APLASIA

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6
Q

Aplasia happens in PAIRED organs like

A

KIDNEYS/ GONADS

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7
Q

T/F
In Aplasia, There is resemblance to normal mature adult structure

A

FALSE; NO RESEMBLANCE

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8
Q

Complete non-appearance of organ

A

AGENESIA

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9
Q

Failure of an organ to form an opening; ABSENT

A

ATRESIA

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10
Q

An example of ATRESIA that is an absence of ear canal

A

MICROTIA

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11
Q

An example of ATRESIA that is an absence of anus

A

IMPERFORATE ANUS

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12
Q

Failure of an organ to reach its normal mature size

A

HYPOPLASIA

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13
Q

Cell exposed to a number of injurious agents or stress

A

CELLULAR ADAPTATIONS

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14
Q

3 Agents of Cellular Adaptations and its example/s

A
  1. Mechanical Agents - TRAUMA
  2. Physical Agents - UV
  3. Biological Agents - PARASITES, VIRUSES, BACTERIA
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15
Q

2 Types of Cellular Adaptations

A
  1. Adaptation
  2. Non-adaptation
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16
Q

2 Types of Injury

A
  1. Reversible
  2. Irreversible
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17
Q

These causes cell death

A

Non-adaptation and Irreversible Injury

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18
Q

Cellular Adaptations (7)

A
  1. Atrophy
  2. Hypertrophy
  3. Hyperplasia
  4. Metaplasia
  5. Anaplasia
  6. Dysplasia
  7. Neoplasia
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19
Q

Acquired decreased in tissue or organ size

A

ATROPHY

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20
Q

2 Types of ATROPHY

A
  1. Physiologic
  2. Pathologic
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21
Q

Type of ATROPHY when the decreasing is NORMAL

A

PHYSIOLOGIC

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22
Q

Type of ATROPHY when the decrease is due to DISEASE

A

PATHOLOGIC

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23
Q

Increase in tissue or organ size due to an increase in the size of individual cells that comprise that organ

A

HYPERTROPHY

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24
Q

3 Types of HYPERTROPHY

A
  1. Physiologic
  2. Pathologic
  3. Compensatory
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25
Q

Type of HYPERTROPHY when increasing is NORMAL.

A

PHYSIOLOGIC

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26
Q

Type of HYPERTROPHY when increasing due to DISEASE

A

PATHOLOGIC

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27
Q

Type of HYPERTROPHY when 1 of the paired organs is removed

A

COMPENSATORY

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28
Q

Increase in tissue or organ size due to an increase in the number of cells that comprise that organ

A

HYPERPLASIA

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29
Q

3 Types of HYPERPLASIA

A
  1. Physiologic
  2. Pathologic
  3. Compensatory
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30
Q

Type of HYPERPLASIA when increasing is NORMAL

A

PHYSIOLOGIC

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31
Q

Type of HYPERPLASIA when increasing due to DISEASE

A

PATHOLOGIC

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32
Q

Type of HYPERPLASIA when 1 of the paired organs is removed

A

COMPENSATORY

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33
Q

Transformation of adult cell into another adult cell type

A

METAPLASIA

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34
Q

Metaplasia is classified as ____

A

REVERSIBLE CHANGE

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35
Q

2 Types of Metaplasia

A
  1. Epithelial
  2. Mesenchymal
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36
Q

Epithelial type of Metaplasia involves ___

A

Epithelial tissue cells

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37
Q

Mesenchymal type of Metaplasia involves ___

A

Connective tissue cells

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38
Q

Transformation of adult cell into primitive cell type

A

ANAPLASIA

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39
Q

Anaplasia is classified as _____

A

IRREVERSIBLE CHANGE

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40
Q

Anaplasia is also known as

A

DE-DIFFERENTIATION

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41
Q

Characterized by changes in cell size, shape, and orientation

A

DYSPLASIA

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42
Q

Dysplasia is classified as ____

A

REVERSIBLE CHANGE

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43
Q

Dysplasia is also known as

A

ATYPICAL METAPLASIA or PRE-NEOPLASTIC LESION

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44
Q

Process of tumor formation, characterized by abnormal proliferation of cells

A

NEOPLASIA

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45
Q

Patterns of Cell Death (2)

A
  1. APOPTOSIS
  2. NECROSIS
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46
Q
  • Patterns of Cell Death that is PROGRAMMED cell death
  • Death of a single cell in a cluster of cells
A

APOPTOSIS

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47
Q

Apoptosis causes cell to

A

SHRINK

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48
Q

T/F
In Apoptosis, there is leaking out of cellular contents so there is inflammation

A

FALSE; NO LEAKING OUT and NO INFLAMMATION

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49
Q
  • Patterns of Cell Death that is PATHOLOGIC cell death
  • The action of hydrolytic enzymes is blocked
A

NECROSIS

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50
Q

T/F
In Necrosis, there is NO leaking out of cellular contents there is NO inflammation

A

FALSE; there IS leaking out and there IS inflammation

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51
Q

T/F
In Necrosis, change can be seen microscopically and grossly

A

TRUE

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52
Q

Types of Necrosis (5)

A
  1. Coagulative
  2. Liquefactive
  3. Caseous
  4. Fat
  5. Fibrinoid
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53
Q

Type of Necrosis that is due to the sudden cut-off of the blood supply

A

COAGULATIVE NECROSIS

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54
Q

Coagulative Necrosis happens in solid organs like

A

KIDNEYS, SPLEEN and LUNGS

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55
Q

The affected organ in Coagulative Necrosis appears like

A

Gray boiled material

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56
Q

Type of Necrosis that is characterized by complete digestion of cells due to the action of hydrolytic enzymes

A

LIQUEFACTIVE NECROSIS

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57
Q

The affected organ in Liquefactive Necrosis appears like

A

liquidly, creamy yellow due to pus

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58
Q

Type of Necrosis that is a combination of Coagulative and Liquefactive

A

CASEOUS NECROSIS

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59
Q

Caseous necrosis is seen in

A

TUBERCULOSIS

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60
Q

The affected organ in Caseous Necrosis appears like

A

“cheese”

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61
Q

Type of Necrosis that is seen in acute pancreatitis, necrotic material

A

FAT NECROSIS

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62
Q

The affected organ in Fat Necrosis appears like

A

chalky white precipitates

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63
Q

Type of necrosis seen in immune reactions involving blood vessels

A

FIBRINOID NECROSIS

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64
Q

Fibrinoid Necrosis changes are so small to see

A

grossly

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65
Q

It is the death of entire body

A

SOMATIC DEATH

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66
Q

Changes in Somatic Death

A
  1. Primary
  2. Secondary
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67
Q

Change in Somatic Death that can be noted immediately after death

A

Primary Changes

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68
Q

Change in Somatic Death that can be noted few hours after death

A

Secondary Changes

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69
Q

It is removing entire mass/ organ

A

EXCISIONAL

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70
Q

It is removing only a part of the mass/ organ

A

INCISIONAL

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71
Q

2 Types of Incisional

A
  1. Y-shaped
  2. Straight cut
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72
Q

Type of Incisional that is for adult cadaver

A

Y-SHAPED

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73
Q

Type of Incisional that is for children/infant

A

STRAIGHT CUT

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74
Q

It is for small tumor masses

A

FNAB

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75
Q

5 Cardinal Signs of Inflammation

A
  1. Rubor
  2. Dolor
  3. Tumor
  4. Calor
  5. Funcio laesa
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76
Q

Cardinal Sign that is REDNESS caused by increased rate of blood flow

A

RUBOR

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77
Q

Cardinal Signs of Inflammation that is for PAIN

A

DOLOR

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78
Q

Cardinal Signs of Inflammation that is for SWELLING

A

TUMOR

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79
Q

Cardinal Signs of Inflammation that is for HEAT

A

CALOR

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80
Q

3 Types of Mortis

A
  1. Algor Mortis
  2. Rigor Mortis
  3. Livor Mortis
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81
Q
  • Type of Mortis that is the Cooling of the body
  • Establishes time of death
A

ALGOR MORTIS

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82
Q

T/F
Algor Mortis happens at a rate of 7 degF/ hour

A

TRUE

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83
Q
  • Type of Mortis that is STIFFENING
  • RIGIDITY of muscles
A

Rigor Mortis

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84
Q
  • Type of Mortis that is LIVIDITY
  • Postmortem hemolysis
A

Livor Mortis

85
Q

T/F
Livor Mortis causes pinkish discoloration of skin

A

FALSE; PURPLISH

86
Q

In Exfoliative Cytology, it is a routine fixative for cytology

A

95% Ethanol

87
Q

In Exfoliative Cytology, it is a primary dye in PAP’s

A

Harris Hematoxylin

88
Q

T/F
Harris Hematoxylin is a cytoplasmic stain

A

FALSE; NUCLEAR STAIN

89
Q

In Exfoliative Cytology, it is a counterstain in PAP’s used to stain cytoplasm of superficial cells

A

OG6 orange-green

90
Q

In Exfoliative Cytology, it is a counterstain in PAP’s used to stain cytoplasm of intermediate and parabasal cell

A

EA50

91
Q

In Exfoliative Cytology, it is a vaginal cell NOT normally shed

A

Basal Cells

92
Q

In Exfoliative Cytology, it is a boat-shaped cells with a tendency to fold or curl on edges

A

Navicular Cells

93
Q

Autopsy Technique that is done ONE BY ONE

A

R. Virchow

94
Q

Autopsy Technique that is In situ dissection (in its “original place”)

A

C. Rokitansky

95
Q

Autopsy Technique that is En-bloc removal of organs (same system)

A

A. Ghon

96
Q

Autopsy Technique that is En-masse removal (all organs are removed)

A

M. Letulle

97
Q
  • It is the cause of death
  • Requirement: Consent from nearest kin
A

AUTOPSY

98
Q

Type of AUTOPSY that is an examination of whole/ full body

A

COMPLETE

99
Q

Type of AUTOPSY that is an examination of some parts of whole/ full body

A

PARTIAL

100
Q

In the Record and Specimen Retention, How long do you keep Clinical Pathology report

A

10 years

101
Q

In the Record and Specimen Retention, How long do you keep Pathology Slides

A

10 years

102
Q

In the Record and Specimen Retention, How long do you keep Pathology Blocks

A

10 years

103
Q

In the Record and Specimen Retention, How long do you keep Surgical Pathology & Bone Marrow reports

A

10 years

104
Q

In the Record and Specimen Retention, How long do you keep Autopsy Reports

A

INDEFINITELY

105
Q
  • Type of Microtome used for paraffin-embedded tissues.
  • Invented by MINOT
A

ROTARY MICROTOME

106
Q
  • Type of Microtome used for celloidin-embedded tissues.
  • Developed by ADAM’S
  • The most dangerous type of microtome with an exposed knife
A

SLIDING MICROTOME

107
Q
  • Microtome type for Electron Microscopy
  • The thickness of sections 0.5m
A

ULTRATHIN MICROTOME

108
Q

Types of microtomes for preparing frozen sections and they are used with

A
  1. Cryostat – used nowadays.
  2. Freezing microtome – fresh tissue
109
Q

Purpose of Frozen sections

A

Rapid Diagnosis – O.R patients

110
Q

Thickness of sections using Rotary Microtome

A

4-6 m

111
Q

Refrigerated apparatus for preparing frozen sections

A

CRYOSTAT

112
Q
  • Temperature of cryostat
  • Immediate hardening of soft fresh tissue
  • Easier to cut
A

-5 to -30 degC

113
Q

Freezing Agents (4)

A
  1. Liquid nitrogen
  2. Isopentane cooled by liquid nitrogen
  3. CO2 gas
  4. Aerosol sprays
114
Q

Commonly used tissue adhesive and promotes attachment

A

Mayer’s egg Albumin

115
Q

Mayer’s egg Albumin is prepared by:

A

Egg white + Thymol crystals (prevent molds) + glycerine

116
Q

Types of Microtome Knives

A
  1. Biconcave
  2. Plane concave
  3. Plane wedge
117
Q

Type of Microtome Knives that USED NOWADAYS:

A

DISPOSABLE KNIVES

118
Q
  • Type of Microtome Knives that is for cutting paraffin-embedded
  • And both sides are CONCAVE
A

BICONCAVE

119
Q
  • Type of Microtome Knives that is for cutting paraffin-embedded and celloidin-embedded tissue
  • 2 sides: 1 flat and 1 concave
  • FLAT SIDE – celloidin-embedded tissue
  • CONCAVE SIDE – paraffin-embedded tissue
A

PLANE CONCAVE

120
Q
  • Type of Microtome Knives that is used for Froze sections, extremely hard and tough tissues
  • Both sides are flat
A

PLANE WEDGE

121
Q
  • Grinding the cutting edge to form even edges.
  • 1st step in SECTIONING
A

HONING

122
Q

Types of Hones/ Oil stones

A
  1. Belgium yellow
  2. Arkansas
  3. Fine carborundum
123
Q

Type of Hones/ Oil stones that gives best result

A

BELGIUM YELLOW

124
Q

Type of Hones/ Oil stones that has more polishing effect than Belgium yellow

A

ARKANSAS

125
Q

Type of Hones/ Oil stones that is for badly nicked knives

A

FINE CARBORUNDUM

126
Q

Lubricants used for Honing

A
  1. Mineral oil
  2. Clove oil
  3. Xylene
  4. Liquid paraffin
  5. Soapy water
127
Q
  • Polishing and sharpening the cutting edge
  • To remove “BURRS” and irregularities formed during honing
  • 2nd Step in SECTIONING
A

STROPPING

128
Q

Material used in STROPPING

A

HORSE LEATHER

129
Q

T/F
STROPPING must not be oiled prior to use

A

FALSE; MUST BE OILED

130
Q

Angle formed between the cutting facet of the knife and the surface of the block

A

CLEARANCE ANGLE

131
Q

Clearance Angle is also called

A

Tilt angle/ Inclination

132
Q

CLEARANCE Angle is set at ____ degrees

A

5-10

133
Q

Angle is formed by the sides of the knife

A

WEDGE ANGLE

134
Q

WEDGE Angle is set at ____ degrees

A

14-15

135
Q

Angle is formed between cutting edges

A

BEVEL ANGLE

136
Q

BEVEL Angle is set at ____ degrees

A

27-32

137
Q
  • Thermostatically controlled bath
  • 5-10 degrees lower than the wax melting point
  • Purpose: to flatten the ribbons to remove wrinkles and fold
A

FLOAT-OUT BATH

138
Q

FLOAT-OUT BATH temperature is at ____ degC

A

45-50

139
Q

Removal of paraffin wax from tissues once properly fixed on the slide

A

DEPARAFFINIZATION

140
Q

Steps in DEPARAFFINIZATION

A
  1. Place slides in oven (55-60 degC)
  2. Place slides in alcohol lamp
  3. Place slides immerse in xylene
141
Q
  • Application of dyes
  • Staining of tissue cells
  • Acid to Basic; Basic to Acid
A

STAINING

142
Q

Part of the cell with greater affinity for basic dyes to acid

A

NUCLEUS

143
Q

NUCLEUS is an

A

Acid stain alkaline

144
Q

Part of the cell with greater affinity for acid dyes to basic

A

CYTOPLASM

145
Q

CYTOPLASM is an

A

Alkaline stain acid

146
Q

Staining categories

A
  1. Histological
  2. Immunohistochemical
  3. Histochemical
147
Q

Tissue components are demonstrated thru direct interaction with a dye or a staining solution

A

HISTOLOGIC STAINING

148
Q

Histologic Staining examples

A

H&E, Gram and AFS

149
Q

To demonstrate the general relationship of tissues and cells with differentiation of nucleus and cytoplasm

A

HISTOLOGICAL STAINING

150
Q

Histological stains are also called

A

Microanatomical

151
Q

Histological stains examples

A
  1. Gram
  2. Acid-Fast
  3. H&E
  4. Methylene blue
152
Q

Staining category in which tissue components are demonstrated through chemical reactions

A

Histochemical Staining

153
Q

Histochemical Staining examples and what it is for

A
  1. Periodic Acid Schiff – carbohydrates
  2. Pearls Prussian Blue – hemosiderin
154
Q
  • ANTIBODY to demonstrate antigens
  • Staining technique which is a COMBINATION of immunologic and histochemical technique
  • For the detection of PHENOTYPIC MARKERS and TISSUE ANTIGENS
A

Immunohistochemical Staining

155
Q

Staining that serves as tumor markers

A

Immunohistochemical Staining

156
Q
  • Staining Method that uses aqueous or alcoholic solutions of dye and also uses 1 DYE
  • Tissue + Dye = COLOR
A

DIRECT STAINING

157
Q
  • A staining technique that employs the use of mordant and accentuator
  • Tissue + Dye + MORDANT/ ACCENTUATOR
A

INDIRECT STAINING

158
Q

Serves as link/bridge between dye and tissue

A

MORDANT

159
Q

Examples of MORDANT

A

IRON and POTASSIUM ALUMINIUM

160
Q
  • Increases staining power of dye.
  • Heightens color of the dye.
A

ACCENTUATOR

161
Q

Examples of ACCENTUATOR

A

PHENOL and KOH

162
Q

Hematoxylin with K-alum as mordant (3)

A
  1. Mayer’s hematoxylin
  2. Ehrlich’s hematoxylin
  3. Harris hematoxylin
163
Q

Iron Hematoxylin (2)

A
  1. Weigert’s hematoxylin
  2. Heidenhain’s hematoxylin
164
Q

Involves gradual application of dye.

A

PROGRESSIVE STAINING

165
Q

In Progressive Staining,
- Tissue is ____.
- ____ excess dye
- ___ decolorization needed

A
  • not overstained
  • NO
  • NO
166
Q

In Regressive Staining,
- Tissue is ____.
- ____ excess dye
- ___ decolorization needed

A
  • OVERSTAINED
  • THERE IS
  • THERE IS
167
Q

Selective removal of excess dye

A

DECOLORIZATION/ DIFFERENTIATION

168
Q

In Decolorization/ Differentiation ___ is commonly used

A

ACID ALCOHOL

169
Q

Staining technique involves the use of dye/stain that gives a different color, different from the color of the dye itself.

A

METHACHROMATIC

170
Q

Mainly used for demonstration of cartilage, CT, epithelial mucins, mast cell granules, amyloid

A

METACHROMATIC

171
Q

Examples of Metachromatic Stains

A

Methyl violet/ crystal violet/ safranin
Bismarck brown/ Basic fuchsin
Methylene blue/ Thionine/ Toluidine blue
Azure A, B, C
Cresyl blue

172
Q

Staining technique in which tissue components are stained with the same shade or hue as that of the dye
Which is not exactly the same color

A

ORTHOCHROMASIA

173
Q

Staining method that involves use of another dye to provide contrast and background

A

COUNTER STAINING

174
Q

Counter staining that is commonly used

A

EOSIN

175
Q

Tissue components are demonstrated not by stains but by colorless solutions of metallic salts that produces black deposits on the surface of tissues

A

METALLIC IMPREGNATION

176
Q

Examples of agents used in Metallic Impregnation

A
  1. Gold chloride
  2. Silver nitrate
  3. Ammoniacal Silver
177
Q
  • Staining of LIVING CELL components
  • Involving CYTOPLASMIC phagocytosis
A

VITAL STAIN

178
Q

Vital Stain Methods

A
  1. Intravital
  2. Supravital
179
Q

Method of Vital Stain when dye is injected to any part of the body

A

INTRAVITAL

180
Q

Example of INTRAVITAL

A
  • India ink
  • Lithium
  • Carmine
181
Q

Method of Vital Stain that involves the immediate application of stain to living cells following removal from a living body

A

SUPRAVITAL

182
Q

Example of SUPRAVITAL

A
  • Neutral red
  • Janus green
  • Trypan blue
  • Nile blue
  • Thionin
  • Toluidine blue
183
Q

The best vital dye

A

NEUTRAL RED

184
Q

Supravital stain recommended for mitochondria

A

JANUS GREEN

185
Q

H & E Staining
- Staining category:
- Staining method:
- Is for

A

Histological
Regressive
Cytoplasm and Nucleus

186
Q

Primary dye
1. BASIC dye
2. NUCLEAR stain
3. BLUE color nucleus

A

HEMATOXYLIN

187
Q

Counterstain
1. ACID dye
2. CYTOPLASMIC stain
3. PINK color cytoplasm

A

EOSIN

188
Q

The procedure of H & E Staining:
2 changes of Xylene:
Descending grades of alcohol:
Hematoxylin:
Acid alcohol:
Ammonia water:
Eosin:
Ascending concentrations of alcohol:
2 changes of Xylene:

A

Further deparaffinization
For hydration
Primary/ Nuclear stain
Decolorizer
Bluing agent
Cytoplasmic stain/ counterstain
Dehydration
Clearing prior to mounting

189
Q

Form of hematoxylin used in EXFOLIATIVE CYTOLOGY and for staining of SEX CHROMOSOMES (PAP’S)

A

Harris Hematoxylin

190
Q

Form of hematoxylin used for IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY

A

Mayers Hematoxylin

191
Q

Form of hematoxylin used to demonstrate SPERMATOGENESIS

A

Copper Hematoxylin

192
Q

Component of dye responsible for COLORING property

A

CHROMOPHORE

193
Q
  • Component of dye responsible for DYEING property
  • Retaining imparted color
A

AUXOCHROME

194
Q
  • Dyes without auxochrome component
  • Also called Oil Soluble dyes
  • Used as Fat Stains
A

LYSOCHROME DYES

195
Q

Lysochrome Dyes examples

A

Sudan dye
- Sudan black
- Sudan IV
- Sudan III

196
Q
  • Coversliping
  • Prevent bleaching of section
  • Protect tissues from damage
A

MOUNTING

197
Q

Commonly used mountant
Routinely used mountant

A

CANADA BALSAM

198
Q

Recommend mountant for mounting frozen sections directly from water

A

BRUN’S FLUID

199
Q

Mountant used for methylene blue stained nerve preparations

A

APATHY’S

200
Q

Refractive indices of Glycerine jelly/ Kaiser

A

1.47

201
Q

Refractive indices of Farrant’s/ Gum Arabic

A

1.43

202
Q

Refractive indices of Apathy’s

A

1.52

203
Q

Refractive indices of DPX

A

1.532

204
Q

Refractive indices of XAM

A

1.52

205
Q

Refractive indices of Clarite

A

1.544

206
Q

Process of sealing margins of coverslip to immobilize coverslip to prevent the escape of mountant and to prevent sticking of slides upon storage

A

RINGING

207
Q

Ringing uses

A

Durofix or Kronig cement

208
Q

Necrosis causes cell to

A

SWELL

209
Q

A 5 cardinal sign of inflammation that is the loss of functioning units of cell

A

Functio laesa

CC and HISTO PLEASE LAST NA (4 decks)

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