GEN. PATHOLOGY & EXFOLIATIVE CYTOLOGY Flashcards
the study of disease/ diseases; study of all changes that underly a disease
PATHOLOGY
3 Types of Pathology
- Biochemical
- Functional
- Structural
It is the START of Pathology:
It is the END of Pathology:
CELL; DISEASE
Abnormalities in Cell Growth (4)
- APLASIA
- AGENESIA
- ATRESIA
- HYPOPLASIA
Incomplete or defective development of tissue or organ
APLASIA
Aplasia happens in PAIRED organs like
KIDNEYS/ GONADS
T/F
In Aplasia, There is resemblance to normal mature adult structure
FALSE; NO RESEMBLANCE
Complete non-appearance of organ
AGENESIA
Failure of an organ to form an opening; ABSENT
ATRESIA
An example of ATRESIA that is an absence of ear canal
MICROTIA
An example of ATRESIA that is an absence of anus
IMPERFORATE ANUS
Failure of an organ to reach its normal mature size
HYPOPLASIA
Cell exposed to a number of injurious agents or stress
CELLULAR ADAPTATIONS
3 Agents of Cellular Adaptations and its example/s
- Mechanical Agents - TRAUMA
- Physical Agents - UV
- Biological Agents - PARASITES, VIRUSES, BACTERIA
2 Types of Cellular Adaptations
- Adaptation
- Non-adaptation
2 Types of Injury
- Reversible
- Irreversible
These causes cell death
Non-adaptation and Irreversible Injury
Cellular Adaptations (7)
- Atrophy
- Hypertrophy
- Hyperplasia
- Metaplasia
- Anaplasia
- Dysplasia
- Neoplasia
Acquired decreased in tissue or organ size
ATROPHY
2 Types of ATROPHY
- Physiologic
- Pathologic
Type of ATROPHY when the decreasing is NORMAL
PHYSIOLOGIC
Type of ATROPHY when the decrease is due to DISEASE
PATHOLOGIC
Increase in tissue or organ size due to an increase in the size of individual cells that comprise that organ
HYPERTROPHY
3 Types of HYPERTROPHY
- Physiologic
- Pathologic
- Compensatory
Type of HYPERTROPHY when increasing is NORMAL.
PHYSIOLOGIC
Type of HYPERTROPHY when increasing due to DISEASE
PATHOLOGIC
Type of HYPERTROPHY when 1 of the paired organs is removed
COMPENSATORY
Increase in tissue or organ size due to an increase in the number of cells that comprise that organ
HYPERPLASIA
3 Types of HYPERPLASIA
- Physiologic
- Pathologic
- Compensatory
Type of HYPERPLASIA when increasing is NORMAL
PHYSIOLOGIC
Type of HYPERPLASIA when increasing due to DISEASE
PATHOLOGIC
Type of HYPERPLASIA when 1 of the paired organs is removed
COMPENSATORY
Transformation of adult cell into another adult cell type
METAPLASIA
Metaplasia is classified as ____
REVERSIBLE CHANGE
2 Types of Metaplasia
- Epithelial
- Mesenchymal
Epithelial type of Metaplasia involves ___
Epithelial tissue cells
Mesenchymal type of Metaplasia involves ___
Connective tissue cells
Transformation of adult cell into primitive cell type
ANAPLASIA
Anaplasia is classified as _____
IRREVERSIBLE CHANGE
Anaplasia is also known as
DE-DIFFERENTIATION
Characterized by changes in cell size, shape, and orientation
DYSPLASIA
Dysplasia is classified as ____
REVERSIBLE CHANGE
Dysplasia is also known as
ATYPICAL METAPLASIA or PRE-NEOPLASTIC LESION
Process of tumor formation, characterized by abnormal proliferation of cells
NEOPLASIA
Patterns of Cell Death (2)
- APOPTOSIS
- NECROSIS
- Patterns of Cell Death that is PROGRAMMED cell death
- Death of a single cell in a cluster of cells
APOPTOSIS
Apoptosis causes cell to
SHRINK
T/F
In Apoptosis, there is leaking out of cellular contents so there is inflammation
FALSE; NO LEAKING OUT and NO INFLAMMATION
- Patterns of Cell Death that is PATHOLOGIC cell death
- The action of hydrolytic enzymes is blocked
NECROSIS
T/F
In Necrosis, there is NO leaking out of cellular contents there is NO inflammation
FALSE; there IS leaking out and there IS inflammation
T/F
In Necrosis, change can be seen microscopically and grossly
TRUE
Types of Necrosis (5)
- Coagulative
- Liquefactive
- Caseous
- Fat
- Fibrinoid
Type of Necrosis that is due to the sudden cut-off of the blood supply
COAGULATIVE NECROSIS
Coagulative Necrosis happens in solid organs like
KIDNEYS, SPLEEN and LUNGS
The affected organ in Coagulative Necrosis appears like
Gray boiled material
Type of Necrosis that is characterized by complete digestion of cells due to the action of hydrolytic enzymes
LIQUEFACTIVE NECROSIS
The affected organ in Liquefactive Necrosis appears like
liquidly, creamy yellow due to pus
Type of Necrosis that is a combination of Coagulative and Liquefactive
CASEOUS NECROSIS
Caseous necrosis is seen in
TUBERCULOSIS
The affected organ in Caseous Necrosis appears like
“cheese”
Type of Necrosis that is seen in acute pancreatitis, necrotic material
FAT NECROSIS
The affected organ in Fat Necrosis appears like
chalky white precipitates
Type of necrosis seen in immune reactions involving blood vessels
FIBRINOID NECROSIS
Fibrinoid Necrosis changes are so small to see
grossly
It is the death of entire body
SOMATIC DEATH
Changes in Somatic Death
- Primary
- Secondary
Change in Somatic Death that can be noted immediately after death
Primary Changes
Change in Somatic Death that can be noted few hours after death
Secondary Changes
It is removing entire mass/ organ
EXCISIONAL
It is removing only a part of the mass/ organ
INCISIONAL
2 Types of Incisional
- Y-shaped
- Straight cut
Type of Incisional that is for adult cadaver
Y-SHAPED
Type of Incisional that is for children/infant
STRAIGHT CUT
It is for small tumor masses
FNAB
5 Cardinal Signs of Inflammation
- Rubor
- Dolor
- Tumor
- Calor
- Funcio laesa
Cardinal Sign that is REDNESS caused by increased rate of blood flow
RUBOR
Cardinal Signs of Inflammation that is for PAIN
DOLOR
Cardinal Signs of Inflammation that is for SWELLING
TUMOR
Cardinal Signs of Inflammation that is for HEAT
CALOR
3 Types of Mortis
- Algor Mortis
- Rigor Mortis
- Livor Mortis
- Type of Mortis that is the Cooling of the body
- Establishes time of death
ALGOR MORTIS
T/F
Algor Mortis happens at a rate of 7 degF/ hour
TRUE
- Type of Mortis that is STIFFENING
- RIGIDITY of muscles
Rigor Mortis
- Type of Mortis that is LIVIDITY
- Postmortem hemolysis
Livor Mortis
T/F
Livor Mortis causes pinkish discoloration of skin
FALSE; PURPLISH
In Exfoliative Cytology, it is a routine fixative for cytology
95% Ethanol
In Exfoliative Cytology, it is a primary dye in PAP’s
Harris Hematoxylin
T/F
Harris Hematoxylin is a cytoplasmic stain
FALSE; NUCLEAR STAIN
In Exfoliative Cytology, it is a counterstain in PAP’s used to stain cytoplasm of superficial cells
OG6 orange-green
In Exfoliative Cytology, it is a counterstain in PAP’s used to stain cytoplasm of intermediate and parabasal cell
EA50
In Exfoliative Cytology, it is a vaginal cell NOT normally shed
Basal Cells
In Exfoliative Cytology, it is a boat-shaped cells with a tendency to fold or curl on edges
Navicular Cells
Autopsy Technique that is done ONE BY ONE
R. Virchow
Autopsy Technique that is In situ dissection (in its “original place”)
C. Rokitansky
Autopsy Technique that is En-bloc removal of organs (same system)
A. Ghon
Autopsy Technique that is En-masse removal (all organs are removed)
M. Letulle
- It is the cause of death
- Requirement: Consent from nearest kin
AUTOPSY
Type of AUTOPSY that is an examination of whole/ full body
COMPLETE
Type of AUTOPSY that is an examination of some parts of whole/ full body
PARTIAL
In the Record and Specimen Retention, How long do you keep Clinical Pathology report
10 years
In the Record and Specimen Retention, How long do you keep Pathology Slides
10 years
In the Record and Specimen Retention, How long do you keep Pathology Blocks
10 years
In the Record and Specimen Retention, How long do you keep Surgical Pathology & Bone Marrow reports
10 years
In the Record and Specimen Retention, How long do you keep Autopsy Reports
INDEFINITELY
- Type of Microtome used for paraffin-embedded tissues.
- Invented by MINOT
ROTARY MICROTOME
- Type of Microtome used for celloidin-embedded tissues.
- Developed by ADAM’S
- The most dangerous type of microtome with an exposed knife
SLIDING MICROTOME
- Microtome type for Electron Microscopy
- The thickness of sections 0.5m
ULTRATHIN MICROTOME
Types of microtomes for preparing frozen sections and they are used with
- Cryostat – used nowadays.
- Freezing microtome – fresh tissue
Purpose of Frozen sections
Rapid Diagnosis – O.R patients
Thickness of sections using Rotary Microtome
4-6 m
Refrigerated apparatus for preparing frozen sections
CRYOSTAT
- Temperature of cryostat
- Immediate hardening of soft fresh tissue
- Easier to cut
-5 to -30 degC
Freezing Agents (4)
- Liquid nitrogen
- Isopentane cooled by liquid nitrogen
- CO2 gas
- Aerosol sprays
Commonly used tissue adhesive and promotes attachment
Mayer’s egg Albumin
Mayer’s egg Albumin is prepared by:
Egg white + Thymol crystals (prevent molds) + glycerine
Types of Microtome Knives
- Biconcave
- Plane concave
- Plane wedge
Type of Microtome Knives that USED NOWADAYS:
DISPOSABLE KNIVES
- Type of Microtome Knives that is for cutting paraffin-embedded
- And both sides are CONCAVE
BICONCAVE
- Type of Microtome Knives that is for cutting paraffin-embedded and celloidin-embedded tissue
- 2 sides: 1 flat and 1 concave
- FLAT SIDE – celloidin-embedded tissue
- CONCAVE SIDE – paraffin-embedded tissue
PLANE CONCAVE
- Type of Microtome Knives that is used for Froze sections, extremely hard and tough tissues
- Both sides are flat
PLANE WEDGE
- Grinding the cutting edge to form even edges.
- 1st step in SECTIONING
HONING
Types of Hones/ Oil stones
- Belgium yellow
- Arkansas
- Fine carborundum
Type of Hones/ Oil stones that gives best result
BELGIUM YELLOW
Type of Hones/ Oil stones that has more polishing effect than Belgium yellow
ARKANSAS
Type of Hones/ Oil stones that is for badly nicked knives
FINE CARBORUNDUM
Lubricants used for Honing
- Mineral oil
- Clove oil
- Xylene
- Liquid paraffin
- Soapy water
- Polishing and sharpening the cutting edge
- To remove “BURRS” and irregularities formed during honing
- 2nd Step in SECTIONING
STROPPING
Material used in STROPPING
HORSE LEATHER
T/F
STROPPING must not be oiled prior to use
FALSE; MUST BE OILED
Angle formed between the cutting facet of the knife and the surface of the block
CLEARANCE ANGLE
Clearance Angle is also called
Tilt angle/ Inclination
CLEARANCE Angle is set at ____ degrees
5-10
Angle is formed by the sides of the knife
WEDGE ANGLE
WEDGE Angle is set at ____ degrees
14-15
Angle is formed between cutting edges
BEVEL ANGLE
BEVEL Angle is set at ____ degrees
27-32
- Thermostatically controlled bath
- 5-10 degrees lower than the wax melting point
- Purpose: to flatten the ribbons to remove wrinkles and fold
FLOAT-OUT BATH
FLOAT-OUT BATH temperature is at ____ degC
45-50
Removal of paraffin wax from tissues once properly fixed on the slide
DEPARAFFINIZATION
Steps in DEPARAFFINIZATION
- Place slides in oven (55-60 degC)
- Place slides in alcohol lamp
- Place slides immerse in xylene
- Application of dyes
- Staining of tissue cells
- Acid to Basic; Basic to Acid
STAINING
Part of the cell with greater affinity for basic dyes to acid
NUCLEUS
NUCLEUS is an
Acid stain alkaline
Part of the cell with greater affinity for acid dyes to basic
CYTOPLASM
CYTOPLASM is an
Alkaline stain acid
Staining categories
- Histological
- Immunohistochemical
- Histochemical
Tissue components are demonstrated thru direct interaction with a dye or a staining solution
HISTOLOGIC STAINING
Histologic Staining examples
H&E, Gram and AFS
To demonstrate the general relationship of tissues and cells with differentiation of nucleus and cytoplasm
HISTOLOGICAL STAINING
Histological stains are also called
Microanatomical
Histological stains examples
- Gram
- Acid-Fast
- H&E
- Methylene blue
Staining category in which tissue components are demonstrated through chemical reactions
Histochemical Staining
Histochemical Staining examples and what it is for
- Periodic Acid Schiff – carbohydrates
- Pearls Prussian Blue – hemosiderin
- ANTIBODY to demonstrate antigens
- Staining technique which is a COMBINATION of immunologic and histochemical technique
- For the detection of PHENOTYPIC MARKERS and TISSUE ANTIGENS
Immunohistochemical Staining
Staining that serves as tumor markers
Immunohistochemical Staining
- Staining Method that uses aqueous or alcoholic solutions of dye and also uses 1 DYE
- Tissue + Dye = COLOR
DIRECT STAINING
- A staining technique that employs the use of mordant and accentuator
- Tissue + Dye + MORDANT/ ACCENTUATOR
INDIRECT STAINING
Serves as link/bridge between dye and tissue
MORDANT
Examples of MORDANT
IRON and POTASSIUM ALUMINIUM
- Increases staining power of dye.
- Heightens color of the dye.
ACCENTUATOR
Examples of ACCENTUATOR
PHENOL and KOH
Hematoxylin with K-alum as mordant (3)
- Mayer’s hematoxylin
- Ehrlich’s hematoxylin
- Harris hematoxylin
Iron Hematoxylin (2)
- Weigert’s hematoxylin
- Heidenhain’s hematoxylin
Involves gradual application of dye.
PROGRESSIVE STAINING
In Progressive Staining,
- Tissue is ____.
- ____ excess dye
- ___ decolorization needed
- not overstained
- NO
- NO
In Regressive Staining,
- Tissue is ____.
- ____ excess dye
- ___ decolorization needed
- OVERSTAINED
- THERE IS
- THERE IS
Selective removal of excess dye
DECOLORIZATION/ DIFFERENTIATION
In Decolorization/ Differentiation ___ is commonly used
ACID ALCOHOL
Staining technique involves the use of dye/stain that gives a different color, different from the color of the dye itself.
METHACHROMATIC
Mainly used for demonstration of cartilage, CT, epithelial mucins, mast cell granules, amyloid
METACHROMATIC
Examples of Metachromatic Stains
Methyl violet/ crystal violet/ safranin
Bismarck brown/ Basic fuchsin
Methylene blue/ Thionine/ Toluidine blue
Azure A, B, C
Cresyl blue
Staining technique in which tissue components are stained with the same shade or hue as that of the dye
Which is not exactly the same color
ORTHOCHROMASIA
Staining method that involves use of another dye to provide contrast and background
COUNTER STAINING
Counter staining that is commonly used
EOSIN
Tissue components are demonstrated not by stains but by colorless solutions of metallic salts that produces black deposits on the surface of tissues
METALLIC IMPREGNATION
Examples of agents used in Metallic Impregnation
- Gold chloride
- Silver nitrate
- Ammoniacal Silver
- Staining of LIVING CELL components
- Involving CYTOPLASMIC phagocytosis
VITAL STAIN
Vital Stain Methods
- Intravital
- Supravital
Method of Vital Stain when dye is injected to any part of the body
INTRAVITAL
Example of INTRAVITAL
- India ink
- Lithium
- Carmine
Method of Vital Stain that involves the immediate application of stain to living cells following removal from a living body
SUPRAVITAL
Example of SUPRAVITAL
- Neutral red
- Janus green
- Trypan blue
- Nile blue
- Thionin
- Toluidine blue
The best vital dye
NEUTRAL RED
Supravital stain recommended for mitochondria
JANUS GREEN
H & E Staining
- Staining category:
- Staining method:
- Is for
Histological
Regressive
Cytoplasm and Nucleus
Primary dye
1. BASIC dye
2. NUCLEAR stain
3. BLUE color nucleus
HEMATOXYLIN
Counterstain
1. ACID dye
2. CYTOPLASMIC stain
3. PINK color cytoplasm
EOSIN
The procedure of H & E Staining:
2 changes of Xylene:
Descending grades of alcohol:
Hematoxylin:
Acid alcohol:
Ammonia water:
Eosin:
Ascending concentrations of alcohol:
2 changes of Xylene:
Further deparaffinization
For hydration
Primary/ Nuclear stain
Decolorizer
Bluing agent
Cytoplasmic stain/ counterstain
Dehydration
Clearing prior to mounting
Form of hematoxylin used in EXFOLIATIVE CYTOLOGY and for staining of SEX CHROMOSOMES (PAP’S)
Harris Hematoxylin
Form of hematoxylin used for IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY
Mayers Hematoxylin
Form of hematoxylin used to demonstrate SPERMATOGENESIS
Copper Hematoxylin
Component of dye responsible for COLORING property
CHROMOPHORE
- Component of dye responsible for DYEING property
- Retaining imparted color
AUXOCHROME
- Dyes without auxochrome component
- Also called Oil Soluble dyes
- Used as Fat Stains
LYSOCHROME DYES
Lysochrome Dyes examples
Sudan dye
- Sudan black
- Sudan IV
- Sudan III
- Coversliping
- Prevent bleaching of section
- Protect tissues from damage
MOUNTING
Commonly used mountant
Routinely used mountant
CANADA BALSAM
Recommend mountant for mounting frozen sections directly from water
BRUN’S FLUID
Mountant used for methylene blue stained nerve preparations
APATHY’S
Refractive indices of Glycerine jelly/ Kaiser
1.47
Refractive indices of Farrant’s/ Gum Arabic
1.43
Refractive indices of Apathy’s
1.52
Refractive indices of DPX
1.532
Refractive indices of XAM
1.52
Refractive indices of Clarite
1.544
Process of sealing margins of coverslip to immobilize coverslip to prevent the escape of mountant and to prevent sticking of slides upon storage
RINGING
Ringing uses
Durofix or Kronig cement
Necrosis causes cell to
SWELL
A 5 cardinal sign of inflammation that is the loss of functioning units of cell
Functio laesa
