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Endocrine Anatomy > Thyroid Gland > Flashcards

Thyroid Gland Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the thyroid gland?

A

Two lateral lobes

Connecting isthmus

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2
Q

Where do the lobes of the thyroid attach?

A

Lateral aspects of the thyroid and cricoid cartilages and trachea

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3
Q

Where does the isthmus lie?

A

Anterior to the 2nd and 3rd cartilages of the trachea

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4
Q

In what direction would a lump on the thyroid move when swallowing?

A

Superiorly then inferiorly

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5
Q

Where are the parathyroid glands located?

A

Posterior surface of the thyroid’s lateral lobes

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6
Q

What is a pyramidal lobe of the thyroid gland?

A

Extra thyroid tissue (due to embryological migration)
Most commonly originates from left lateral lobe
Most attach superiorly to thyroid cartilage but ca extend to the hyoid bone

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7
Q

What is the developmental path of the thyroid gland?

A

Foramen caecum
Migrates inferiorly via thyroglossal duct
Final position by week 7

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8
Q

What are the platysma muscles?

A

Muscles of facial expression
located immediately deep to the skin within superficial fascia of the neck
Supplied by CN VII

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9
Q

What are the fascial compartments of the neck?

A

Prevertebral fascia
Investing fascia
Carotid sheaths
Pretracheal fascia

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10
Q

Where is the prevertebral fascia and what is contained within it?

A

Deep to investing fascia
Posteriorly
Cervical vertebrae and postural neck muscles

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11
Q

Where is the investing fascia and what is contained within it?

A

Deep to supeficial fascia
Encloses all other neck fascial compartments
Trapezius and sternocleidomastoid

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12
Q

Where are the carotid sheaths and what is contained within them?

A

Deep to investing fascia
Anetrolaterally
IJVs, carotid arteries, vagus nerves, deep cervical lymph nodes

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13
Q

Where is the pretracheal fascia and what is contained within it?

A

Deep to investing fascia
Anteriorly
Strap muscles, thyroid gland trachea, oesophagus, recurrent laryngeal nerves

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14
Q

Where does the retropharyngeal space lie and why is it clinically significant?

A

Between pre tracheal and prevertebral fascia

Site for infection spread

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15
Q

What are the attachments of the sternocleidomastoid?

A

Sternal head = manubrium of sternum
Clavicular head = medial end of the clavicle
Both heads = Mastoid process of temporal bone

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16
Q

What is the innervation of trapezius and sternocleidomastoid?

A

CN XI (Spinal Accessory)

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17
Q

What are the inferior attachments of trapezius?

A

Spine of the scapula and lateral end of clavicle

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18
Q

Where does the anterior jugular vein drain to?

A

External jugular vein

19
Q

Where does the external jugular vein drain to?

A

Subclavian vein

20
Q

What are the attachments of the carotid sheaths?

A 
Superiorly = base of the skull (around jugular foramen and entrance to carotid canal) 
Inferiorly = blend with mediastinal fascia
21
Q

What is the arterial supply to the thyroid gland?

A

Inferior and superior thyroid arteries

22
Q

Where does the inferior thyroid artery branch from?

A

Subclavian artery

23
Q

Where does the superior thyroid artery branch from?

A

External carotid artery

24
Q

What is the venous drainage of the thyroid gland?

A

Superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins

25
Q

Where do the superior and middle thyroid veins drain to?

A

Internal jugular vein on right and left sides

26
Q

Where does the inferior thyroid vein drain to?

A

Brachiocephalic vein, usually on left side

27
Q

Where does the right lymphatic duct drain to?

A

Right venous angle

28
Q

Where does the thoracic duct drain to?

A

Left venous angle

29
Q

What is the course of CN X within the cranial cavity?

A

Connects with medulla oblongata

Passes through jugular foramen

30
Q

What is the course of CN X in the neck?

A

Descends in carotid sheath

Gives somatic branches to the larynx - superior laryngeal nerve and right recurrent laryngeal nerve

31
Q

What is the course of CN X in the chest?

A

Right vagus
Right lateral aspect of trachea
Posterior to right lung root
Onto oesophagus

Left vagus 
Left side of arch of aorta 
Gives left recurrent laryngeal nerve 
Posterior to left lung root 
Onto oesophagus
32
Q

What is the course of CN X in the abdomen?

A

L and R pass through diaphragm with oesophagus
Divide into terminal branches on stomach surface
Supply abdominal organs with parasympathetic axons to distal midgut

33
Q

Where does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve recur?

A

Under arch of aorta

34
Q

Where does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve recur?

A

Under the subclavian artery

35
Q

What are the strap muscles?

A

Sternohyoid
Omohyoid
Thyrohyoid
Sternothyroid

36
Q

What is the function of the strap muscles?

A

Movement of larynx during speech and swallowing

37
Q

What is the purpose of the fascial sling?

A

Attaches intermediate tendon of omohyoid to the clavicle

38
Q

What are the surgical approaches to the thyroid gland?

A

Classical thyroidectomy
Endoscopically assisted thyroidectomy
Endoscopic trans-axillary approach
Endoscopic trans-breast approach

39
Q

What are the surface markers for the anterior triangle of the neck?

A

Inferior border of mandible/angle of mandible
Sternal head of sternocleidomastoid
Midline

40
Q

What are the surface markers of the posterior triangle of the neck?

A

Clavicular head of sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius
Clavicle

41
Q

Where should the classical thyroidectomy incision be made?

A

Within a natural skin crease or in the direction of Langer’s lines
Just superior to the clavicles and jugular notch
Through skin and platysma

42
Q

What is the function of the right recurrent laryngeal nerve?

A

Somatic motor supply to most of the skeletal muscles that move the right vocal cord

43
Q

What is the result of unilateral recurrent nerve injury?

A

Hoarseness or weakness of the voice and cough

44
Q

What is the result of bilateral recurrent nerve injury?

A

Aphonia

Inability to close the rima glottidis to prevent aspiration or to produce a good cough

Endocrine Anatomy (2 decks)

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