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Endocrine Anatomy > Pituitary Gland > Flashcards

Pituitary Gland Flashcards

1
Q

Which endocrine glands are found in the cranial cavity?

A

Hypothalamus

Pituitary gland

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2
Q

Which endocrine glands are found in the neck?

A

4 parathyroid glands

Thyroid gland

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3
Q

Which endocrine glands are found in the abdomen?

A

2 adrenal glands

Pancreas

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4
Q

Which endocrine glands are found in the pelvis/perineum?

A 
Female = 2 ovaries in broad ligaments 
Male = 2 testes in scrotum
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5
Q

What is the diencephalon?

A

Central core of cerebrum
Communication between cerebral hemispheres and midbrain
Thalamus + hypothalamus

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6
Q

What are the three parts of the brain stem?

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata

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7
Q

What connects the hypothalamus and pituitary gland?

A

Infundibulum

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8
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A

Midline structure in the pituitary fossa of the sphenoid bone

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9
Q

Where does the pituitary fossa lie?

A

Within the sella turcica

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10
Q

Where does the pituitary glad lie in relation to the visual pathway?

A

Immediately inferior to the optic chiasma

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11
Q

What forms the optic chiasma?

A

The right end left optic nerves

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12
Q

What is the visual pathway for eight rays from the nasal side of the visual field?

A 
Nasal side of visual field 
Temporal retina 
Lateral side of optic canal 
Optic chiasma 
Same side (i.e. left on left, right on right) optic tract 
Synapse in thalamus 
Optic radiation 
Visual cortex in occipital lobe
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13
Q

What is the visual pathway for light rays from the temporal side of the visual field?

A 
Temporal side of visual field 
Nasal retina 
Medial side of optic canal 
Optic chiasma 
Cross to opposite side (i.e. right to left, left to right) optic tract 
Synapse in thalamus 
Optic radiation 
Visual cortex in occipital lobe
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14
Q

What effect can a pituitary tumour have on the visual pathway?

A

Bitemporal hemianopia
Disrupts APs from nasal retina bilaterally (since these are the ones which cross at optic chiasma, which may be compressed with a tumour)

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15
Q

What are the two routes of surgical approach to the pituitary fossa?

A

Transcranial approach = Under the frontal lobe

Transsphenoidal approach = via nasal cavities ad sphenoid sinus

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16
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses and where are they located?

A

Fronta sinuses = frontal bone
Maxillary sinuses = Maxillae
Ethmoidal air cells = Ethmoid bone
Sphenoid sinuses = Sphenoid bone

17
Q

What lines the paranasal sinuses?

A

Mucous secreting respiratory mucosa

18
Q

What is the function of the paranasal sinuses?

A

Make mucous and drain it into the nasal cavities via ostia
Reduce weight of skull
Add resonance to voice

19
Q

What surgical fractures are required for the transsphenoidal transnasal approach?

A

Nasal septum

Floor and roof of sphenoid sinus

20
Q

What is the dura mater?

A

Meningeal area that surrounds the brain

Adherent to the internal aspects of all the bones of the cranial vault

21
Q

What is the tentorium cerebelli?

A

Tough sheet of dura mater tenting over the cerebellum within the posterior cranial fossa

22
Q

Why is there a central gap in the tentorium cerebelli?

A

To allow the brainstem to pass through

23
Q

What is the diaphragm sellae?

A

Tough sheet of dura mater forming a roof over the pituitary fossa

24
Q

What are the dural venous sinuses?

A

Venous channels within the dura mater that drain most of the venous blood from the cranial cavity into the IJVs

25
Q

Where do the dural venous sinuses drain?

A

Into the internal jugular veins at the jugular foraminae in the floor of the posterior cranial cavity

26
Q

What structures surround the pituitary gland?

A

Cavernous and inter cavernous sinuses

27
Q

What structures are at risk in pituitary gland surgery?

A 
Optic chiasma 
Oculomotor nerve 
Trochlear nerve 
Trigeminal nerve 
Abducent nerve 
Cavernous sinus 
Internal carotid artery 
Dura mater

Endocrine Anatomy (2 decks)

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