Thyroid Anomalies

Question 1

Thyroid (Follicular) Adenoma

Answer 1

• most common benign neoplasm

Question 2

Thyroid Cyst

Answer 2

• true simple cyst are rare
• 15-25 % of solitary thyroid nodules (swelling in thyroid gland/ benign)
• benign & malignant can have cystic components

Question 3

Thyroid Adenoma US Appearance

Answer 3

• low echoes
• homogeneous texture
• present with “halo” hypoechoic rim
• calcification, septation, debree

Question 4

Thyroid Cyst US appearance

Answer 4

• well defined borders
• anechoic
• posterior enhancement

Question 5

Developmental Cysts

Answer 5

• Thyroglossal Duct cyst
• Brachial cleft cyst
• Cystic Hygroma

Question 6

Thyroglossal Duct Cyst

Answer 6

• Most common CONGENITAL (kid) cyst of neck
• located lateral neck and anterior trachea
• COMPLEX CYSTS

Question 7

Embryogenesis

Answer 7

• thyroid tissue moves from tongue to lower neck
• leaves an epithelial tract (thyroglossal duct)

Question 8

signs &symptoms of Papillary Carcinoma

Answer 8

• hard lump at neck of palpitation
• history of enlarging goiter w/ pain
• hoarseness & dysphagia (bad swallowing)
• satellite (spread) LYMPHADENOPATHY
  (swollen lymph nodes)

Question 8

Papillary Carcinoma

Answer 8

• most common thyroid cancer(75-85%)
• slow- growing tumor
• 20-50 yrs
• in women
• malignant

Question 8

Thyroid Cancers

Answer 8

• Papillary Carcinoma
• follicular Adenocarcinoma
• medullary carcinoma
• anaplastic carcinoma
• hurthle cell carcinoma

Question 9

Most Common Thyroid Cancer

Answer 9

Papilary Carcinoma (75-85%)

Question 10

US Appearance Papillary Carcinoma

Answer 10

• single solid or complex (w/ degeneration) mass
• hypoechoic, smooth or irregular borders
• 2-10 cm
• punctate (tiny dots around) microcalifications are predictor of carcinoma

Question 11

Follicular Adenocarcinoma

Answer 11

• 2nd most common thyroid cancer

Question 12

Medullary Carcinoma

Answer 12

• family history of thyroid cancer
• poor prognosis (recovery from disease)
• echogenic califications

Question 13

Goiter

Answer 13

• unusual enlargement of thyroid gland
• lack of iodine

Question 13

Anaplastic/Undifferentiated Carcinoma

Answer 13

• <5% of thyroid cancers
• common in older age group >60
• rapidly-growing, FATAL tumor

Question 14

Simple/ diffuse (spread)

Answer 14

• diffuse enlargement of thyroid gland
• one or both lobes
• NOT ENOUGH IODINE to produce THYROXINE
• endemic (Alps. Andes, Central Africa)

Question 15

two types of Goiter

Answer 15

• simple/diffuse (spread)
• multi nodular

Question 16

Multinodular

Answer 16

• enlarged of multiple nodule glands
• from a simple goiter
• lead to disfigurement, dysphagia, or inspiratory

Question 17

Hyperthyroidism/ Thyrotoxcosis

Answer 17

• elevated serum levels T3 & T4
• most common cause of hyperthyroidism is GRAVES DISEASE

Question 18

Grave’s Disease

Answer 18

• autoimmune disorder
• antibodies are created & simulate the function of TSH & cause hyper function of thyroid gland, hyperthyroidism

Question 19

Exophthalamas

Answer 19

Protrusion, bulging of eyes

Question 20

S&S of Graves Disease

Answer 20

• increase temp, pulse rate, blood pressure
• tremors
  -weight loss
• anxiety
  detected with blood tests

Question 21

Thyroid inferno

Answer 21

Increase of blood flow

Question 21

Graves Disease US Appearance

Answer 21

• enlarged
• homogeneous
• thickening of isthmus >1.25
• hypervascularity

Question 22

Hypothyroidism

Answer 22

• most common case in the US is Hashimoto’s disease
• low levels of T3 & T4
• also caused by removal of thyroid (iodine deficiency)
• deficiency of TRH or TSH

Question 23

S&S of hypothyroidism