Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacology > Thyroid and Diabetes intro > Flashcards

Thyroid and Diabetes intro Flashcards

1
Q

What is the chemical name for the hormone T3?

A

Liothyronine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which is more pharmacologically active, T4 or T3? Which is more abundant?

A

T3 is more active, T4 is more abundant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Outline the synthesis of thyroid hormone from peroxidase

A

Peroxidase – oxidation of dietary iodine – iodination of tyrosine – thyroid hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is thyroid hormone stored as?

A

Thyroglobulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What releases TRH and TSH?

A

TRH – hypothalamus

TSH – pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is thyroid binding globulin?

A

The plasma protein that binds the majority of circulating T3 and T4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Name two common increasers of TBG

A

Pregnancy and oral contraceptives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name a common decreaser of TBG

A

Anabolic steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

List three functions of thyroid hormone

A

Stimulates protein synthesis, increases metabolic rate, increases sensitivity to catecholamines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How long does it take T4 (levothyroxine) to reach max efficacy?

A

10 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How long does it take T3 (Liothyronine) to reach max efficacy?

A

24 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which is “slower on and slower off”, T3 or T4?

A

T4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How does the thyroid hormone dose change in pregnant individuals?

A

Pregnant females require nearly 50% more thyroid hormone due to increased TBG production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a typical initial dose of Synthroid?

A

50 to 100 µg adjusted every 30 days until TSH is normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why should thyroid hormone be taken on an empty stomach?

A

It sticks to food and is excreted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

In which case should T3 be administered?

A

In thyroid emergencies (myxedema coma), T3 can be given IV

17
Q

What is the effect of administering too much thyroid hormone?

A

Pseudo-hyperthyroidism causing a fib

18
Q

How is pseudohyperthyroidism treated?

A

Discontinue medicine for seven days then recommence at lower dose

19
Q

Why is Synthroid the preferred treatment for hypothyroidism?

A

Generic thyroid hormone may be significantly less biologically active

20
Q

What is the chemical name for T4 hormone?

A

L – thyroxine

21
Q

What are the hyperthyroid medications (Methimazole and PTU) method of action? How do they differ?

A

Inhibits the oxidation (activation) of thyroid hormone
Methimazole does not affect peripheral conversion of T4 to T3, while PTU cannot take effect until preformed T4 -T3 is exhausted

22
Q

Which of the two hyperthyroid medications is taken 1 x a day and which is taken 3 x a day?

A

Methimazole – 1x a day

Propylthiouracil- 3x a day

23
Q

Which hyperthyroid medication can be used to treat thyroid storm in high doses?

A

PTU – inhibits peripheral conversion of T4 to T3

24
Q

What are the most common adverse effects of PTU?

A

Rash, dysphasia, agranulocytosis

25
Q

When is iodine used?

A

Before thyroid surgery to firm up thyroid (negative feedback loop within thyroid causes involution)

26
Q

What is the typical dose of iodine given preop?

A

Potassium iodide 60 mg Q8 hours for 10 to 14 days

27
Q

When and how is radioactive iodine used?

A

Can be used to treat graves disease: selectively up taken by thyroid tissue, slowly destroys tissue, often induces hypothyroidism

28
Q

How is thyroid storm most effectively treated?

A

With a nonselective beta blocker (Propanolol) IV or PO

29
Q

How is thyroid storm treated (other than beta blocker)?

A

High-dose dexamethasone steroid will inhibit T4 conversion to T3

30
Q

What is a risk of using dexamethasone to treat thyroid storm?

A

Can cause hyperglycemia due to steroid effect on blood glucose

31
Q

What is hyperinsulinemia?

A

Increased production of insulin in people who consume excessive amounts of sugar (leads to hyperglycemia from down regulation)

32
Q

Which cells secrete in store insulin?

A

Beta islet cells of pancreas

33
Q

How is synthetic insulin made?

A

Either enzymatic modification of porcine insulin or recombinant technology

34
Q

What bacteria is used in recombinant technology to produce insulin?

A

E. coli

35
Q

Describe the 3 biological effects of insulin

A

Activates glucokinase and glucose phosphatase
Causes conversion of glucose to glycogen
Enhances arachidonic acid and K+ entry into cells

36
Q

What is the general dosage rule for insulin?

A

One unit of insulin per kilogram of body weight per day

Pharmacology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions