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Pharmacology > Intro Material > Flashcards

Intro Material Flashcards

1
Q

Define pharmacy

A

The science of proper preparation, dispensing, and utilization of drugs

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2
Q

What should you think of when you hear pharmacokinetics?

A

ADME: absorption distribution metabolism and excretion

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3
Q

Describe dilution and succussion

A

Watered down, shaken drug given under belief that ‘like cures like’

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4
Q

Why has complementary and alternative medicine gained popularity in recent years?

A

Patients like control/autonomy, natural products

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5
Q

What is required of generic medications?

A

They must contain 80% of bioequivalency of brand name product

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6
Q

What is an orphan drug?

A

A drug that treats rare orbs cure diseases, therefore not mass produced

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7
Q

What is the strongest warning level issued by FDA?

A

Blackbox warning

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8
Q

What is the difference between an anaphylactoid and an anaphylactic drug reaction?

A

Anaphylactoid – no antibodies involved, can cause reaction on first exposure
Anaphylactic – antibodies involved, appears with second exposure

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9
Q

Define pharmacology

A

The science of drug action

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10
Q

What is a cross sensitivity?

A

Reactions to two different drugs that usually occur concurrently (for example penicillin and cephalosporins)

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11
Q

What is Stevens-Johnson syndrome?

A

A severe progression of skin rash to skin sloughing involving mucous membranes and requiring IV steroids

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12
Q

Describe the new FDA pharmaceutical classification requirements

A

Must provide info about drug effects in pregnancy, lactation, and females and males with reproductive potential

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13
Q

What is the difference between ergogenics and doping?

A

Ergogenic (noun): a performance enhancing agent

Doping (verb): ergogenic use

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14
Q

What does Sig stand for on a prescription?

A

Signa- Latin for directions

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15
Q

List characteristics and examples of C–1 drugs

A

No accepted medical use in the United States

Examples are heroin, ecstasy (MDMA), cocaine

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16
Q

List characteristics and examples of C-2 drugs

A

Cannot be called in, highest level of restriction for medicinal drugs, no refills allowed
Examples include OxyContin, morphine, Fentanyl, Percocet

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17
Q

Describe the characteristics and give examples of C-3 drugs

A

Can only be refilled five times in six months, can be called in
Examples include barbiturates

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18
Q

Describe characteristics and give examples of C-4 drugs

A

Can be called in, can only be refilled five times in six months
Examples include BZD’s (Xanax) and THC (marijuana)

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19
Q

Give a description examples of a C-5 drug

A

Pharmacy keeps a log of prescriptions Example: cough syrups containing codeine

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20
Q

What is the significance of dispense as written option on prescription?

A

If not checked, patient will be given generic by law

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21
Q

What is an example of a drug that does not have a child safety cap by law?

A

Nitroglycerin

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22
Q

How should medications be disposed of?

A

Returned to pharmacy on specified days

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23
Q

Which drug does MethCheck track?

A

Sudafed

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24
Q

What does the abbreviation ac mean on a prescription?

A

Before meals

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25
Q

What does the abbreviation hs mean on a prescription?

A

At bedtime

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26
Q

What does the abbreviation c mean on a prescription?

A

Meals/food

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27
Q

What does the abbreviation ut dict mean on the prescription?

A

As directed

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28
Q

What does the abbreviation aa mean on a prescription?

A

Affected area

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29
Q

What does the abbreviation gtt mean on a prescription?

A

Drops or droplets

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30
Q

What does the abbreviation qs mean on a prescription?

A

Sufficient quantity; “top it off”

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31
Q

How many milliliters in a teaspoon?

A

5 mL

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32
Q

How many teaspoons in a tablespoon?

A

3 teaspoons

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33
Q

How many pounds in 1 kg?

A

2.2 pounds

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34
Q

How many milliliters in an ounce?

A

30 mL

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35
Q

How many tablespoons per ounce?

A

2

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36
Q

What does 0.9% normal saline mean?

A

0.9 g of normal saline per 100 mL

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37
Q

What is the difference between function of agonist and antagonist drugs?

A

Agonist stimulate receptors, antagonists block receptors

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38
Q

Would an acid/acid chemical pair be ionized or unionized? Lipophilic or hydrophilic?

A

Unionized, lipophilic

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39
Q

Would an acid/base chemical pair be ionized or unionized? Lipophilic or hydrophilic?

A

Ionized, hydrophilic

40
Q

What kind of drug must be used to reach the placenta or to penetrate the blood brain barrier?

A

Lipophilic drug

41
Q

Which organ metabolizes lipophilic drugs?

A

Liver

42
Q

Which organ metabolizes hydrophilic drugs?

A

Kidneys

43
Q

What should you do to an acidic drug if you want it to be excreted in urine?

A

Alkalinize it to give it a charge so that it becomes hydrophilic

44
Q

Should an inhaled drug be lipophilic or hydrophilic?

A

Hydrophilic so that it remains in lungs rather than passing to bloodstream

45
Q

Where does most absorption of PO drugs occur?

A

In the small intestine

46
Q

What percentage of parenteral drugs are bioavailable?

A

100%

47
Q

What is a depot drug?

A

A parenteral drug with a long half life

48
Q

What is CP 450?

A

Cytochrome P450 is a family of enzymes in the liver responsible for degrading ingested substances

49
Q

How long does it take for the body to eliminate a typical drug?

A

5 to 6 half-lives (5 to 6 hours if half-life is one hour)

50
Q

What is the volume of distribution? How is it increased and decreased?

A

The extent of drug distribution in the body

lipophilic drugs have higher Vd’s

51
Q

What is the most abundant protein in the body?

A

Albumin

52
Q

What is a drug steady state?

A

When the amount of drug entering the body equals the amount of drug exiting

53
Q

What is the effect of plasma protein binding on drugs?

A

Drugs bound to plasma proteins are biologically inactive

54
Q

What is a prodrug?

A

A drug that is transformed from an inactive to an active agent through hepatic metabolism

55
Q

What is the effect of drugs on CP450 enzyme systems?

A

Drugs can induce or inhibit these enzymes making it a very common path to drug-drug interactions

56
Q

What is secretion?

A

Movement of certain substances from capillaries (efferent arteriole) into renal tubules

57
Q

Give an example of a drug blocking the secretion of another drug

A

Probenecid blocks secretion of penicillin (makes urine more acidic, unionized, and lipophilic)

58
Q

Are urine drug screens quantitative or qualitative?

A

Qualitative (says whether drug is present or absent)

59
Q

Are drugs more likely to target nicotinic receptors or adrenergic receptors?

A

Adrenergic: more specific targets

60
Q

What is a way to keep an acidic drug out of the urine?

A

Drink vinegar to make drug nonpolar and fat soluble

61
Q

Will an unbound drug or a drug bound to protein pass through the kidneys more easily?

A

And unbound drug will pass more easily due to smaller size

62
Q

What is urea comprised of?

A

Two amines and one ketone

63
Q

What effect does ammonia have on GABA?

A

Ammonia inhibits GABA uptake, so it prolongs its effect

64
Q

What can happen if the CNS contains too many amines?

A

Encephalopathy

65
Q

List types of vaccines in order of effectiveness

A

Live (most effective) – killed – conjugate – toxoids (least effective)

66
Q

What is a bacteria that replicates intracellularly called?

A

Atypical bacteria

67
Q

Is GABA excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Inhibitory

68
Q

What is the relationship between dopamine and acetylcholine in the CNS?

A

They counteract and balance one another

69
Q

Why is it hard to treat a patient with both schizophrenia and Parkinson’s?

A

Schizophrenia is too much dopamine in the front of the brain, Parkinson’s is not enough dopamine in the back of brain

70
Q

What are the precursors for norepinephrine and epinephrine synthesis?

A

Phenylalanine and tyrosine

71
Q

What is the precursor for 5–HT (serotonin) synthesis?

A

L-tryptophan

72
Q

What is the precursor for dopamine synthesis?

A

L–dopa

73
Q

Why would you give l-dopa to a patient with low dopamine in the CNS?

A

Dopamine cannot cross the blood brain barrier, but L-dopa can

74
Q

What is the precursor for GABA synthesis?

A

Glutamate

75
Q

What is the precursor for acetylcholine synthesis?

A

Choline

76
Q

Which neurotransmitter stimulates A1, A2, B1, and B2?

A

Epinephrine

77
Q

Which neurotransmitter stimulates A1, A2, and B1?

A

Norepinephrine

78
Q

Which is a more potent vasoconstrictor, epinephrine or norepinephrine?

A

Norepinephrine, because it does not activate B2 (a vasodilator)

79
Q

Name an anabolic steroid

A

Testosterone (prednisone is NOT an anabolic steroid)

80
Q

What is meant by the term cushingoid?

A

Too much steroid (eg. prednisone)

81
Q

Give five examples of monoamines

A

Dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, 5-HT (serotonin), melatonin

82
Q

What is monoamine oxidase?

A

MAO is an enzyme that “chews up” monoamines

83
Q

What chews up ACH?

A

Acetylcholinesterase

84
Q

What three chemicals make up the alphabet of the immune system?

A

Interferons, interleukins, and cytokines

85
Q

What type of drug inhibits the COX pathway of prostaglandin production?

A

NSAIDS

86
Q

What type of drug inhibits arachidonic acid production?

A

Steroids (prednisone)

87
Q

What is the difference between inotropy and Chronotropy?

A

Inotropy – contraction strength

Chronotropy – contraction rate

88
Q

What is the difference in function between prostaglandins and angiotensin II on the renal arteriole?

A

Prostaglandins keep afferent arteriole open

Angiotensin II constricts efferent arteriole

89
Q

Compare the actions of a sympathomimetic and sympatholytic drug

A

Sympathomimetic stimulates sympathetic nervous system, sympatholytic inhibits sympathetic nervous system

90
Q

What effect does a cholinergic drug have on the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Cholinergics stimulate PNS

91
Q

What effect does an adrenergic drug have on the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Adrenergics stimulate SNS

92
Q

Name the actions of A-1, B-1 and B-2 stimulators

A

A-1: vasoconstriction
B-1: tachycardia
B-2: bronchodilation and vasodilation
*A-1 opposes B-2

93
Q

How many calories in one gram of carbs?

A

4

94
Q

Explain how NSAIDs can lead to kidney failure

A

NSAIDs inhibit production of prostaglandins, causing closure of the afferent arteriole and increased creatinine

95
Q

Why should pregnant women avoid taking NSAIDs?

A

They lower prostaglandins and can cause closure of the fetal ductus arteriosis

Pharmacology (9 decks)

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