Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

pathology > thrombosis and embolism > Flashcards

thrombosis and embolism Flashcards

1
Q

define thrombosis

A

abnormal formation of a blood clot within vasculature of a living animal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the 3 major causes of thrombosis

A

(1) endothelial damage

(2) alterations in normal blood flow

(3) hyper-coagulability of the blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what do endothelial cells secrete to inhibit platelet aggregation?

A

PGI2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what do endothelial cells release to cause vasodilation and inhibit platelet adhesion and aggregation?

A

nitric oxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what two substances promote activity of antithrombin III?

A

protein C and heparin like molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are ways other than antithrombotic activities that damage of the endothelial cells can result in?

A
  • tissue thromboplastin
  • exposure of sub-endothelial vascular collagen platelets
  • clotting factors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

during inflammation, what induces endothelial cells to synthesize and release tissue factors?

A

cytokines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Platelets adhere via ___ and tissue factor is released by adjacent damaged tissue activating the coagulation cascade

A

vWF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Loss or injury to endothelium results in decreased ____ and_____________ which normally inhibits platelet aggregation and causes vasodilation.

A

PGI2
nitric oxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

_________________________ from platelets causes vasoconstriction and in conjunction with ADP stimulates aggregation.

A

Thromboxane A2 (TXA2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

In uremic animals, the mural endothelium of the heart is damaged by circulating ______ resulting in thrombosis.

A

toxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how do you know the difference between thrombosis and a post mortem clot?

A

thrombus will have a roughened and is suitably variegated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is jugular thrombosis often associated with?

A

repeated injections or with indwelling catheters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what may cause endothelial injury resulting in release of tissue factor?

A

turbulence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

why do dogs with dirofilariasis develop pulmonary thrombosis?

A

due to turbulence from verminous obstruction of the pulmonary arteries and endothelial damage caused by the filarid nematodes in the right ventricle and pulmonary arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how is venous stasis a common cause of thrombosis in humans?

A

Any partial or complete occlusion or compression of venous return can result in thrombosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

true or false: Cardiac anomalies or cardiac valvular dysfunction create turbulence that may result in thrombosis

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is hypercoagulability of the blood

A

states in which thrombosis is favored due to a change in make-up of the formed elements of the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are examples of inherited deficiencies of an anticoagulant component?

A

protein C, or imbalance in procoagulant and anticoagulant components in blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Some prothrombotic states may result from imbalances in what system?

A

normal fibrinolytic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

In dogs with glomerular disease such as renal amyloidosis, ________________ leak through the diseased glomerulus resulting in an imbalance in the prothrombotic and anti-thrombotic components in the blood favoring thrombosis

A

antithrombin III

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what can happen when there is a loss of anti-coagulant protiens (antithrombosis III) with dogs losing proteins in the urine due to amyloidosis?

A

can be a pro-thrombotic state and pulmonary thrombosis

23
Q

what is responsible for the dissolution process?

A

fibrinolytic system

24
Q

what begins the fibrinolytic pathway resulting in thrombosis?

A

Cleavage of plasminogen to plasmin by tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)

25
Q

Sometimes the central portion of the thrombus undergoes fibrinolysis (central softening) and the __________ organizes resulting in a return of blood flow through a slightly narrowed lumen.

A

periphery

26
Q

what is retraction of thrombus mediated by?

A

actin-myosin proteins from platelets

27
Q

what combination can result in a return to a normal blood flow?

A

fibrinolysis and retraction

28
Q

what is the process of thromboembolism?

A

Parts of a thrombus may dislodge and form a new thrombus or obstruction at a distant location

29
Q

what is ischemia?

A

reduced blood flow to tissue

30
Q

what is infarction?

A

complete obstruction of blood flow so that the tissue dies

31
Q

what is Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC)?

A

syndrome characterized usually by widespread endothelial injury or activation resulting in platelets adhering and activation of the coagulation cascade at numerous sites. The fibrinolytic system is also continually activated and dissolves the small clots as they form.

32
Q

The net effect of DIC is _______________ of platelets and coagulation factors so that fatal bleeding (often characterized by petechiae) occurs.

A

consumption

33
Q

what can DIC be a complication of?

A

sepsis, endotoxemia, neoplasia, burns, heat stroke, shock, and endotheliotropic viral infections

34
Q

what do patients with DIC present?

A

multifocal hemorrhaging, thrombocytopenia, and prolonged clotting times due to consumption of factors V, VII, VIII, X, prothrombin, and fibrinogen

35
Q

how can you tell the difference between postmortem clots and thrombi?

A

clots are shiny and gelatinous

36
Q

why are chicken fat post mortem clots most commonly found in horses?

A

because their red cells tend to settle out faster than in other species

37
Q

how can thrombi be distinguished?

A

they usually have a rough surface, presumably due to more fibrin deposition

38
Q

where should thrombi be attached in where post mortem clots should not?

A

vascular wall

39
Q

what does occlusive mean?

A

to fill and obstruct a vessel

40
Q

what are mural thrombi?

A

attached to endocardium

41
Q

what is verminous thrombi?

A

have nematodes in thrombi

42
Q

what is embolism?

A

detachment of an intravascular solid that is then carried by the blood stream to a distant site from its point of origin

43
Q

when does thromboembolism occur?

A

when a piece of a previously formed thrombus breaks away and is carried to another site forming a new thrombus

44
Q

where is septic emboli typically found?

A

kidneys and lungs

45
Q

why is the lung a common site for emboli?

A

because it is the first capillary bed to be encountered by blood returning from the venous side

46
Q

what is the disease process referred to as when septic thrombi shower the lung?

A

embolic pneumonia

47
Q

why are heart valves a frequent site for bacteria to lodge following a bacteremia?

A

due to endothelial damage associated with turbulence around the valves

48
Q

what are the thromboli that are septic thromboemboli?

A

Once a septic thrombus forms on the heart valves, pieces can break off and lodge in kidney and spleen

49
Q

what are neoplastic emboli?

A

aggregates of tumor cells and sometimes platelets that get swept away from a primary tumor site only to lodge in another vessel

50
Q

what can emboli result in?

A

infarction or ischemia

51
Q

how can you tell the difference between arterial infarcts and venous?

A

arterial infarcts are all very pale.

52
Q

true or false: White infarcts are always arterial infarcts.

A

true

53
Q

true or false: Venous infarcts are always red

A

true

54
Q

true or false: Arterial infarcts may be white or red

A

true

pathology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions