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pathology > hyperemia and congestion > Flashcards

hyperemia and congestion Flashcards

1
Q

define hyperemia

A

excess blood in a part

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2
Q

what is a part?

A

red, swollen, warmer than normal, there may be a pulse

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3
Q

what is a part mediated?

A

actively by purposeful dilation of arterioles to increase blood flow in response to some stimulus

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4
Q

true or false: when hyperemia happens, ALL the capillaries in a particular area dilate so there is markedly increased blood flow.

A

true

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5
Q

true or false: hyperemia usually happens all over the body

A

false: locally

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6
Q

what happens if hyperemia occurs all over the body?

A

animal would go into shock because there wouldn’t be enough blood in the major vessels

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7
Q

how is hyperemia grossly represented?

A

redness

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8
Q

what causes hyperemia?

A

dilation of arterioles and capillaries

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9
Q

why do the capillaries collapse when the animal dies?

A

elastic recoil

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10
Q

if a cat has hyperemia of the gums, what disease might this be and what is the cause?

A

plasma cell stomatitis
- may be immune-mediated

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11
Q

define pyoderma

A

inflammation of the skin and pus

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12
Q

what is the difference between bacteremia and septicemia?

A

Bacteremia- bacteria in the blood.

Septicemia- bacteria in the blood AND you are sick. bacteria are hindering bodily function.

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13
Q

what is the most common cause of bacteremia in people?

A

getting your teeth cleaned because the action of the cleaning tools causes clumps of bacteria from the tooth surface to get sent into the capillaries at the gum lines.

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14
Q

what does it mean if a dog has hyperemia due to contact hypersensitivity?

A
  • means it was allergic to something it was contacting in the environment
  • The immune system in the skin geared up and began spewing out inflammatory products which resulted in the rubor
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15
Q

how does ringworm cause hyperemia?

A

the fungus grows in a spot, uses up all the nutrients and starts to grow centripetally (hyperemic ring shows where the fungus is NOW)

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16
Q

what is pityriasis rosacea?

A

immune-mediated skin disease that shows up as areas of acute inflammation with hyperemia and eventually some sloughing of keratin

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17
Q

define congestion

A

refers to the excess of blood in a particular part of the body due to a passive process

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18
Q

true or false: with congestion, the blood is confined to within vessels

A

true

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19
Q

define hemorrhage

A

when there is excess blood in a particular part of the body and the blood is outside of the vessels

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20
Q

what is the difference between congestion and hyperemia?

A

Congestion is passive; hyperemia is active.

21
Q

what are the three basic types of congestion

A
  1. localized
  2. generalized
  3. hypostatic
22
Q

during congestion, if the blood is striking dark, what term is used?

A

cyanotic

23
Q

describe congestion

A

flow would be obstructed, all capillaries would dilate with sluggishly-flowing blood

blood flows normally, but not enough gets out

24
Q

why is congestion often accompanied by edema?

A

the swollen, turgid vessels tend to leak fluid out into the interstitium

24
Q

why is congestion often accompanied by edema?

A

the swollen, turgid vessels tend to leak fluid out into the interstitium

25
Q

what may cause severe testicular congestion?

A

twisted spermatic cord

26
Q

what may cause testicular atrophy?

A

due to reduced blood supply to the affected area

27
Q

what may cause severe congestion of two loops of gut (intestinal torsion)?

A
  • loops twist around each other and the more easily compressed venules collapse first
28
Q

what causes the localized dark red parts of intestinal torsion?

A

blood still got pumped in through the stronger arterioles and the blood collected in capillaries in the localized affected area

29
Q

what are causes of localized congestion?

A

torsion, thrombus, embolus, tumor can clog a blood vessel and result in upstream congestion

30
Q

define generalized congestion

A

if the blood flow is impeded centrally, like heart failure, with backup of blood in the systemic vasculature

31
Q

what are the three reasons for backup of blood in the heart and the results?

A
  1. one of the ventricles can be weakened and the heart just can’t pump blood volume adequately, as a result, blood backs up in the atrium and the vessels that flow into the atrium
  2. one of the valves might be leaking, resulting in increased volume load on the heart and backup in the atrium and supplying vessels
  3. one of the outflow valves is narrowed (stenosis) which can create an increased pressure load on the ventricle, resulting in increased backup in the atrium and supplying vessels
32
Q

When the right heart fails, there is increased __________________and slow flow in the vena cavae. Pressure in the caudal vena cava in turn creates increased ________________ in the central vein areas of the liver.

A

hydrostatic pressure

33
Q

how does blood flow?

A

portal area to the central vein in the hepatic sinusoids

34
Q

If the root of the problem is in the LEFT side of the heart, where does generalized congestion begin?

A

lungs

35
Q

if the left side of the heart fails, where is there back up at?

A

left atrium and then pulmonary veins

36
Q

what is the result of increased hydrostatic pressure in the lungs?

A

sludging of blood in pulmonary capillaries

37
Q

what is endocardiosis?

A

degenerative condition and can result in valvular insufficiency, typically seen in older dogs

38
Q

if a dog has a chronic soft cough that was exacerbated when it was lying down, where you expect to see generalized congestion developing?

A

lungs

39
Q

what type of congestion occurs when the lungs are much darker than normal?

A

diffuse congestion

40
Q

what does it mean when there are white branching patterns on the surface?

A

represents dilated lymphatics and there is diffuse pulmonary edema

41
Q

what is the ventricular septal defect?

A

congenital abnormality, a hole between the ventricles

42
Q

in ventricular septal defect, why does heart failure begin as right heart overload?

A

Because the pressure is higher on the left side of the heart so every time the heart contracts, some left ventricle blood gets added to the already full right ventricle. When the right ventricle can’t pump all the blood, liver congestion develops. Fairly soon the left heart fails also and then there is pulmonary congestion as well.

43
Q

what is feline cardiomyopathy?

A

the muscles of the heart get too big and don’t work well

44
Q

what is the result of feline cardiomyopathy?

A

left heart failure leads to pulmonary congestion

45
Q

pulmonic stenosis causes overload on which side of the heart?

A

right

46
Q

what is the result of pulmonic stenosis?

A

congestion of the liver

47
Q

what is hypostatic congestion?

A

pooling of blood in capillaries and veins in a dependent part due to the effect of gravity

48
Q

where is hypostatic congestion most commonly seen?

A

sick animals that are in a recumbent position for a long time

pathology (8 decks)

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