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Head and Neck > Throat Anatomy & Physiology > Flashcards

Throat Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different areas of the throat?

A
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2
Q

What are the 2 parts of the oral cavity?

A
  • Oral vestibule (between lips and teeth)
  • Oral cavity proper
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3
Q

What are the boundaries of the oral cavity?

A
  • Lips to palatoglossal arch (anterior pillar)
  • Palate to floor of mouth/tongue
  • Buccal mucosa
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4
Q

What is A?

A

Upper lip

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5
Q

What is B?

A

Superior labial frenulum

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6
Q

What is C?

A

Glossopalatine arch

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7
Q

What is D?

A

Pharyngopalatine arch

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8
Q

What is E?

A

Palatine tonsil

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9
Q

What is F?

A

Salivary duct orifice - sublingual

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10
Q

What is G?

A

Salivary duct orifice - submandibular

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11
Q

What is H?

A

Inferior labial frenulum

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12
Q

What is I?

A

Lower lip

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13
Q

What is J?

A

Hard palate and tranverse palatine folds

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14
Q

What is K?

A

Soft palate

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15
Q

What is L?

A

Uvula

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16
Q

What is M?

A

Fauces

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17
Q

What is N?

A

Tongue

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18
Q

What is O?

A

Lingual frenulum

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19
Q

What is P?

A

Teeth

20
Q

What is Q?

A

Gingivae

21
Q

What are functions of the oral cavity?

A
  • Taste
  • Mastication
    • Teeth, tongue
  • Speech
    • Tongue, cheek, lips
  • Digestion
    • Salivary enzymes
  • Swallowing
    • Tongue, hard and soft palate
22
Q

What are the 2 parts of the tongue?

A
  • Anterior 2/3rds
    • From 1st branchial arch
    • Sensation by lingual nerve (CN V3)
    • Taste by chorda tympani (CN VII)
  • Posterior 1/3rd
    • From 3rd branchial arch
    • Supplied by CN IX
23
Q

Innervation of the tongue?

A
  • Anterior 2/3rds
    • From 1st branchial arch
    • Sensation by lingual nerve (CN V3)
    • Taste by chorda tympani (CN VII)
  • Posterior 1/3rd
    • From 3rd branchial arch
    • Supplied by CN IX
24
Q

What are the 2 categories of tongue muscles and what is their function?

A
  • Intrinsic muscles (after shape)
  • Extrinsic muscles (after position)
25
Q

What are functions of the tongue?

A
  • Taste
  • Mastication
  • Swallowing
  • Speech
26
Q

What is mastication?

A

Mastication = chewing

27
Q

What are the 4 muscles of mastication?

A
  • Lateral pterygoid
  • Medial pterygoid
  • Temporalis
  • Masseter
28
Q

What is the nerve supply for mastication?

A
  • CN V3
29
Q

What are the boundaries of the oropharynx?

A
  • Lower border of soft palate to upper margin of epiglottis
  • Palatoglossal arch to posterior pharyngeal wall
  • Lateral is faucial pillars and palatine tonsils
30
Q

What is the structure of the epithelium of the oropharynx?

A
  • Stratified, non-keratinised squamous
31
Q

What is the nerve supply of the oropharynx?

A
  • Pharyngeal plexus (CN IX and X)
32
Q

Where does the hypopharynx receive blood supply from?

A

Blood supply is the superior thyroid artery, lingual artery and the ascending pharyngeal artery

33
Q

What are the boundaries of the hypopharynx?

A
  • Superior margin of epiglottis to lower border of cricoid cartilage
  • Continuous with oesophagus
  • Anterior wall back of pharynx
34
Q

What are the 3 subunits of the hypopharynx?

A
  • Pyiform sinus
  • Post-cricoid area
  • Posterior pharyngeal wall
35
Q

What is the nerve supply of the hypopharynx?

A
  • Pharyngeal plexus (CN IX and X)
36
Q

What are the 3 phases of swallowing?

A
  1. Oral phase (voluntary)
  • Tongue propels food (bolus) into pharynx
  • Triggering swallowing reflex (afferent is CN V, IX and X, swallowing centre in the medulla, efferent by CN VII, X and XII)
  1. Pharyngeal
  • Soft palate pulled upwards
  • Epiglottis covers the larynx, vocal cord approximate, larynx moves upward
  • Upper oesophageal sphincter (UOS) relaxes
  • Respiration is reflex inhibited
  1. Oesophageal
  • Once bolus passed UOS, the sphincter constricts
  • Bolus propelled downwards by peristaltic motion, reflex via myenteric plexus
37
Q

What happens in the following phases of swallowing:

1) Oral
2) Pharynx
3) Oesophageal

A
  1. Oral phase (voluntary)
  • Tongue propels food (bolus) into pharynx
  • Triggering swallowing reflex (afferent is CN V, IX and X, swallowing centre in the medulla, efferent by CN VII, X and XII)
  1. Pharyngeal
  • Soft palate pulled upwards
  • Epiglottis covers the larynx, vocal cord approximate, larynx moves upward
  • Upper oesophageal sphincter (UOS) relaxes
  • Respiration is reflex inhibited
  1. Oesophageal
  • Once bolus passed UOS, the sphincter constricts
  • Bolus propelled downwards by peristaltic motion, reflex via myenteric plexus
38
Q

What are the functions of the larynx?

A
  • Part of the respiratory tract
  • Voice
  • Swallowing
39
Q

What are the 3 parts of the larynx?

A
  • Supraglottis
    • Extends from the superior tip of the epiglottis to the floor of the ventricular fold (junction of respiratory and squamous epithelium)
  • Glottis
    • Begins superior at the true vocal fold and extends inferiorly to a horizontal plane 5mm inferior to the vocal cord
  • Subglottic
    • Begins 5mm below the free edge of the true vocal cord and proceeds to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage
40
Q

What are the segments of cartilage in the larynx?

A

7 segments of cartilages:

  • Cricoid cartilage
  • Thyroid cartilage
  • Epiglottis
  • Paired arytenoid cartilages (corniculate and cuneiform)
41
Q

What are the muscles of the larynx?

A
  • Extrinsic
    • Infrahyoid, suprahyoid and thyrohyoid
    • Move the entire laryngeal complex
  • Intrinsic
    • Regulate movement of the vocal folds
42
Q

Innervation of the larynx?

A

Motor innervation:

  • CN X
  • All intrinsic muscles supplied by recurrent laryngeal nerve except for cricothyroid muscle (external laryngeal)

Sensory innervation:

  • Supraglottic by internal laryngeal nerve
  • Glottic and subglottic by recurrent laryngeal nerve
43
Q

What are intrinsic larynx muscles supplied by for motor innervation?

A
  • All intrinsic muscles supplied by recurrent laryngeal nerve except for cricothyroid muscle (external laryngeal)
44
Q

What is the sensory innervation of:

  • supraglottic larynx
  • glottic larynx
  • subglotic larynx
A
  • Supraglottic by internal laryngeal nerve
  • Glottic and subglottic by recurrent laryngeal nerve
45
Q

What are the different steps of speech?

A
  1. Respiration
    1. Source of energy, from air flow
    2. Inhalation and exhalation
  2. Phonation
    1. Flow of air through different voice cord position, tension, vibration and length
  3. Resonation
    1. Oral/nasal speech balance
    2. Depend on nasopharynx, nasal cavity and oral cavity
  4. Articulation
    1. Production of speech, determined by action of lips, tongue and jaw
  5. Prosody
    1. Production of syllable stress and emphasis
    2. Provide effective speech tone

Head and Neck (13 decks)

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