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Head and Neck > Allergy - ENT > Flashcards

Allergy - ENT Flashcards

1
Q

What are examples of allergies?

A

Asthma (9.4%)

Allergic rhinitis (5.4%)

Eczema (1%)

Food allergies (1-2%)

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2
Q

Is the incidence of allergies increasing or decreasing?

A

Increasing since the 1960s

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3
Q

Is the incidence of allergies greater in developed or developing countries?

A

Developed

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4
Q

What are some risk factors for allergies?

A

Heredity

Race

Age

Environment (alterations in exposure to infectious disease during early childhood, environmental pollution, allergen levels, dietary changes)

Occupational (flour, latex, wood dust)

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5
Q

What is an allergy?

A

Hypersensitive disorder of the immune system

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6
Q

What does an allergy occur in response to?

A

Normally harmless environmental substances, known as allergens

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7
Q

What is an allergen?

A

Antigen that causes allergic reaction

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8
Q

What are allergens normally?

A

Proteins

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9
Q

What are examples of skin allergies?

A

Urticaria/angiodema

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10
Q

What is an example of an upper respiratory allergy?

A

Rhinitis

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11
Q

What is an example of a lower respiratory allergy?

A

Asthma

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12
Q

What is an example of a systemic allergy?

A

Anaphylaxis

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13
Q

What is the pathophysiology of a type 1/immediate hypersensitive reaction?

A

1) Sensitisation (plasma cells produce IgE which bind to mast cells)
2) Re-exposure (mast cells degranulate)

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14
Q

What do mast cells release when they degranulate?

A

Histamine

Leukotriences

Prostaglandins

Chemotactic agents

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15
Q

What effect does degranulation of mast cells have?

A

Vasodilation

Vascular permeability

Smooth muscle contraction

Leukocyte infiltration, especially eosinophils

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16
Q

What are the 2 phases of an allergic response?

A

Acute response

Late response

17
Q

What is the process of the acute allergic response?

A

1) Exposure to antigen
2) Antigen specific IgE
3) Degranulation of mast cells causing systemic effects

18
Q

When does the late phase of the allergic response occur?

A

2-4 hours after exposure

19
Q

Why is there a late phase to allergic reactions?

A

Due to migration of other leukocytes such as neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils and macrophages to the initial site

20
Q

What are symptoms of the inflammatory response due to the late phase of allergic reaction?

A

Sneezing

Coughing

Wheezing

Runny nose

Weepy eyes

Itchiness

21
Q

What is allergic rhinitis?

A

Allergic inflammation of the nasal airways

Head and Neck (13 decks)

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