Throat - anatomy and physiology

Question 1

what are the four sections the throat can be divided into

Answer 1

oral cavity - taste, mastication
oropharynx
hypopharynx
larynx - speech

Question 2

what are the two parts of the oral cavity

Answer 2

oral vestibule (between lips and teeth

oral cavity poper

Question 3

what re the boundaries of the oral cavity

Answer 3

lips to palatogloassal arch

palate to floor of mouth/tongue

buccal mucosa

Question 4

what two ducts open into the oral cavity

Answer 4

parotid duct (opening at second top (maxillary) molar)

submandibular duct

Question 5

what are the functions of the oral cavity

Answer 5

taste
mastication - teeth, tongue
speech - tongue, cheek, lips
digestion - salivary enzymes 
swallowing - tongue, hard/soft palate

Question 6

what are the two parts of the tongue

Answer 6

anterior 2/3

posterior 1/3

Question 7

what innervates the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

Answer 7

from 1st branchial arch:

SENSATION - lingual nerve (branch of CN V3)

TASTE - chorda tympani (branch of CN VII)

Question 8

what innervates the posterior 1/3 of the tongue

Answer 8

from 3rd branchial arch:

CN IX

Question 9

what part of the tongue DOES NOT contain taste buds

Answer 9

filliform papillae

Question 10

what are the two kids of muscles in the tongue and what are their roles

Answer 10

intrinsic - alter shape

extrinsic - alter position

Question 11

what is the nerve supply to the muscles of the tongue

Answer 11

CN XII - hypoglossal to all

EXCEPT palatoglossus - pharyngeal plexus (CN IX-X)

Question 12

what are the four muscles of mastication

Answer 12

lateral pterygoif
medial pterugodi
temporalis
masseter

Question 13

what is the nerve supply to the muscles of mastication

Answer 13

CN V3

Question 14

what is the function of the muscles of mastication

Answer 14

act on the TMJ - for grinding food

Question 15

what are the boundaries of the oropharynx

Answer 15

lower border - soft palate to upper margin of epiglottis

palatoglossal arch to posterior pharyngeal wall

later borders - faucial pillars and palatine tonsils

Question 16

what kind of epithelium is found in the oropharynx

Answer 16

stratified, non-keratinised squamous

Question 17

what is the nerve supply to the oropharynx

Answer 17

pharyngeal plexus - CN IX-X

Question 18

what is the blood supply to the hypopharynx

Answer 18

superior thyroid artery, lingual artery, ascending pharyngeal artery

Question 19

what is the nerve supply to the hypopharynx

Answer 19

pharyngeal plexus - CN IX-X

Question 20

what are the boundaries of the hypopharynx

Answer 20

superior margin of epiglottis to lower border of cricoid cartilage

continuous with oesophagus

anterior wall - back of larynx

Question 21

what three substitutes is the hypopharynx divided into

Answer 21

1. Pyriform sinus
2. Post-cricoid area
3. Posterior pharyngeal wall

Question 22

what are the three phases of swallowing

Answer 22

1. oral phase (voluntary)
2. pharyngeal phase
3. oesophageal phase

Question 23

what happens during the oral phase of swallowing

Answer 23

Tongue propels food (bolus) into pharynx

Triggers swallowing reflex

Question 24

what happens during the pharyngeal phase of swallowing

Answer 24

Soft palate pulled upwards

Epiglottis covers the larynx, vocal cord approximate, larynx moves upward

Upper oesophageal sphincter (UOS) relaxes

Respiration is reflex inhibited

Question 25

what happens during the oesophageal phase of swallowing

Answer 25

Once bolus passed UOS, the sphinter constricts Bolus propelled downwards by peristaltic motion, reflex via myenteric plexus

Question 26

what is the function go the larynx

Answer 26

part of the resp tract voice swallowing

Question 27

wat are the three parts of the larynx

Answer 27

supraglottis glottis subglottis

Question 28

what are the 7 cartilages in the larynx

Answer 28

1. cricoid cartilage 2. thryroid cartilage 3. epiglottis paired arytenoid cartilages: 4/5. paired corniculate 6/7. paired cuneiform

Question 29

what are the two groups of muscles in the larynx and what do they do

Answer 29

extrinsic - move the entire laryngeal complex intrinsic - regulate movement of vocal cords

Question 30

what supplies motor innervation to the larynx

Answer 30

CN X all intrinsic muscles supplied by recurrent laryngeal nerve EXCEPT cricothyroid muscle = external laryngeal nerve)

Question 31

what supplies sensory innervation to the larynx

Answer 31

supraglottis - internal laryngeal nerve glottis and subglottis - recurrent larngeal nerve

Question 32

what are the 5 components of speech

Answer 32

``` respiration phonation resonation articulation prosody ```

Question 33

SPEECH: what occurs during respiration

Answer 33

source of energy = air flow | inhalation and exhalation

Question 34

SPEECH: what causes phonation

Answer 34

flow of air flow through different VC position, tension, vibration and length

Question 35

SPEECH: what determines resonation

Answer 35

oral/nasal speech balance | depends on nasopharynx, nasal cavity & oral cavity

Question 36

SPEECH: what determines articulation

Answer 36

production of speech | determined by action of lips, tongue and jaw

Question 37

SPEECH: what is prosody

Answer 37

production of syllable stress and emphasis | provides effective speech tone