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HEAD & NECK > Throat - anatomy and physiology > Flashcards

Throat - anatomy and physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the four sections the throat can be divided into

A

oral cavity - taste, mastication
oropharynx
hypopharynx
larynx - speech

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2
Q

what are the two parts of the oral cavity

A

oral vestibule (between lips and teeth

oral cavity poper

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3
Q

what re the boundaries of the oral cavity

A

lips to palatogloassal arch

palate to floor of mouth/tongue

buccal mucosa

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4
Q

what two ducts open into the oral cavity

A

parotid duct (opening at second top (maxillary) molar)

submandibular duct

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5
Q

what are the functions of the oral cavity

A 
taste
mastication - teeth, tongue
speech - tongue, cheek, lips
digestion - salivary enzymes 
swallowing - tongue, hard/soft palate
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6
Q

what are the two parts of the tongue

A

anterior 2/3

posterior 1/3

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7
Q

what innervates the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

A

from 1st branchial arch:

SENSATION - lingual nerve (branch of CN V3)

TASTE - chorda tympani (branch of CN VII)

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8
Q

what innervates the posterior 1/3 of the tongue

A

from 3rd branchial arch:

CN IX

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9
Q

what part of the tongue DOES NOT contain taste buds

A

filliform papillae

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10
Q

what are the two kids of muscles in the tongue and what are their roles

A

intrinsic - alter shape

extrinsic - alter position

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11
Q

what is the nerve supply to the muscles of the tongue

A

CN XII - hypoglossal to all

EXCEPT palatoglossus - pharyngeal plexus (CN IX-X)

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12
Q

what are the four muscles of mastication

A

lateral pterygoif
medial pterugodi
temporalis
masseter

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13
Q

what is the nerve supply to the muscles of mastication

A

CN V3

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14
Q

what is the function of the muscles of mastication

A

act on the TMJ - for grinding food

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15
Q

what are the boundaries of the oropharynx

A

lower border - soft palate to upper margin of epiglottis

palatoglossal arch to posterior pharyngeal wall

later borders - faucial pillars and palatine tonsils

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16
Q

what kind of epithelium is found in the oropharynx

A

stratified, non-keratinised squamous

17
Q

what is the nerve supply to the oropharynx

A

pharyngeal plexus - CN IX-X

18
Q

what is the blood supply to the hypopharynx

A

superior thyroid artery, lingual artery, ascending pharyngeal artery

19
Q

what is the nerve supply to the hypopharynx

A

pharyngeal plexus - CN IX-X

20
Q

what are the boundaries of the hypopharynx

A

superior margin of epiglottis to lower border of cricoid cartilage

continuous with oesophagus

anterior wall - back of larynx

21
Q

what three substitutes is the hypopharynx divided into

A
  1. Pyriform sinus
  2. Post-cricoid area
  3. Posterior pharyngeal wall
22
Q

what are the three phases of swallowing

A
  1. oral phase (voluntary)
  2. pharyngeal phase
  3. oesophageal phase
23
Q

what happens during the oral phase of swallowing

A

Tongue propels food (bolus) into pharynx

Triggers swallowing reflex

24
Q

what happens during the pharyngeal phase of swallowing

A

Soft palate pulled upwards

Epiglottis covers the larynx, vocal cord approximate, larynx moves upward

Upper oesophageal sphincter (UOS) relaxes

Respiration is reflex inhibited

25
Q

what happens during the oesophageal phase of swallowing

A

Once bolus passed UOS, the sphinter constricts

Bolus propelled downwards by peristaltic motion, reflex via myenteric plexus

26
Q

what is the function go the larynx

A

part of the resp tract
voice
swallowing

27
Q

wat are the three parts of the larynx

A

supraglottis
glottis
subglottis

28
Q

what are the 7 cartilages in the larynx

A
  1. cricoid cartilage
  2. thryroid cartilage
  3. epiglottis

paired arytenoid cartilages:
4/5. paired corniculate
6/7. paired cuneiform

29
Q

what are the two groups of muscles in the larynx and what do they do

A

extrinsic - move the entire laryngeal complex

intrinsic - regulate movement of vocal cords

30
Q

what supplies motor innervation to the larynx

A

CN X

all intrinsic muscles supplied by recurrent laryngeal nerve
EXCEPT
cricothyroid muscle = external laryngeal nerve)

31
Q

what supplies sensory innervation to the larynx

A

supraglottis - internal laryngeal nerve

glottis and subglottis - recurrent larngeal nerve

32
Q

what are the 5 components of speech

A 
respiration
phonation
resonation
articulation
prosody
33
Q

SPEECH: what occurs during respiration

A

source of energy = air flow

inhalation and exhalation

34
Q

SPEECH: what causes phonation

A

flow of air flow through different VC position, tension, vibration and length

35
Q

SPEECH: what determines resonation

A

oral/nasal speech balance

depends on nasopharynx, nasal cavity & oral cavity

36
Q

SPEECH: what determines articulation

A

production of speech

determined by action of lips, tongue and jaw

37
Q

SPEECH: what is prosody

A

production of syllable stress and emphasis

provides effective speech tone

HEAD & NECK (13 decks)

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