Throat Flashcards

1
Q

What are the sections of the oral cavity? [2]

A

The oral cavity proper.

The oral vestibule (the section between lips and teeth)

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2
Q

What are the boundaries of the oral cavity? [3]

A

Buccal mucosa

Stretches from the lips back to the glossopalantine arch (the first arch and where the uvula hang from)

And from the palate to the floor of the mouth

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3
Q

Explain the passage of the parotid duct [3]

Where can the submandibular duct be found? [1]

A

It pierces the buccinator muscle [1] then opens into the oral cavity on the inner cheek [1] opposite the maxillary 2nd molar. [1]

Submandibular duct - lies superior to the digastric muscle.

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4
Q

Explain the structure of the submandibular gland [3]

A

Each one is divided into superficial and deep lobes [1] separated by the mylohyoid muscle [1]
The superficial is the lobe below the mylohyoid, on the external surface [1]

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5
Q

Which embryological structures form the tongue? [2]

Clue: branchial arches

A

The ant 2/3rds from from the 1st branchial arch

The post 3rd forms from the 3rd branchial arch

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6
Q

Explain the innervation of the tongue:

A

The ant. 2/3rds are innervated by the lingual nerve which contains fibres from the:

  • Mandibular division of the Trigeminal nerve carrying general somatic afferent innervation from the tongue
  • Chorda Tympani branch of the facial nerve providing special (taste) sensation.

Post. 1/3rd is supplied by the Glossopharyngeal nerve (Cr N IX)

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7
Q

Describe the papillae of the tongue? [4]

A

Comes in 4 types:
Filiform - very numerous but no taste buds
Fungiform - scattered on tongue dorsal surface
Folliate
Circumvallate - In a row just anterior to the sulcus terminalis

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8
Q

What is the sulcus terminalis? [3]

A

A V shaped groove [1] that demarcates the junction of oral and pharyngeal portions [1] of the tongue base. [1]

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9
Q

What are the muscles of mastication? [3]

A

Lateral & Medial Pterygoid
Temporalis
Masseter

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10
Q

Muscles of mastication
Function [3]
Innervation [2]

A

They act on the temporomandibular joint. [1] Hinge it to open and close jaw [1] and slide it to grind teeth from side to side [1]

Innervated by mandibular division [1] of the trigeminal nerve [1] (V3 Cr N V)

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11
Q

Explain the muscles of the tongue

Describe innervation [3]

A

Split into intrinsic/extrinsic [1] which alter the tongue shape & position respectively.

The extrinsic all end in -glossus [4]
Genio-/Stylo-/hyo-/palato-

All the muscles of the tongue are innervated by the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) [1] except for the palatoglossal [1] which is supplied by the pharyngeal plexus (CN 9/10) [1]

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12
Q

What are the boundaries of the oropharynx?

A

Extends from the lower border of the soft palate to the upper border of the glottis. [2]

Superiorly from the palatoglossal arch back to the posterior pharyngeal wall

Laterally it encloses the two arches (palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal) and the palatine tonsils in between.

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13
Q

What are the boundaries of the hypopharynx?

A

Extends from the sup border of the glottis to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage.

Its anterior wall is the posterior wall of the larynx

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14
Q

How do we divide up the hypopharynx? [3]

A

Pyriform Fossa
Post Cricoid Area
Pharyngeal Wall

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15
Q

What arteries [3] and nerves [1] supply the hypopharynx?

A

Sup. Thyroid Art
Lingual Art
Asc. Pharyngeal Art

Pharyngeal plexus (CN IX/X)

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16
Q

Phases of swallowing:
Describe oral phase [2]
Describe pharyngeal phase [5]
Describe esophageal phase [1]

A

Oral
- Voluntary propulsion of the bolus [1] to the pharynx triggering the swallowing reflex [1]

Pharyngeal

  • Epiglottis covers the larynx
  • Soft palate pulls up to cover nasal cavity
  • Larynx pulls up
  • Breathing is inhibited
  • UOS relaxes and bolus passes into oesophagus

Oesophageal
- UOS contracts and peristalsis moves bolus down

17
Q

Innervation of swallowing reflex:
Which nerves trigger the reflex [3]
Which nerves lead to swallowing [3]

A

Afferent fibres in CN V/IX/X trigger the reflex

Efferent fibres from CN VII/X/XII lead to swallowing

18
Q

What are the sections of the larynx? [3]

A
  • Supraglottic
  • Glottis
  • Subglottic
19
Q

What are the cartilages of the larynx?

Name 3 single cartilages and 3 paired cartilages

A

3 single cartilages:

  • Cricoid
  • Thyroid
  • Epiglottis

3 Paired cartilages:

  • Arytenoid
  • Corniculate
  • Cuneiform
20
Q

Explain the muscles of the larynx

A

The intrinsic muscles regulate movement of your vocal folds

The extrinsic muscles move the whole laryngeal complex (e.g. during swallowing) - Infra/supra hyoid muscles

Sensory and motor innervation from vagus nerve via reccurent and external laryngeal nerves

21
Q

What are the parts of speech? [5]

A

Respiration
- Provides the air flow across the vocal chords

Phonation
- Varies VC position, tension, vibration and length

Resonation
- Balance of oral/nasal speech

Articulation
- Action of lips/tongue/jaw produces speech

Prosody
- Production of stress and emphasis on syllables

22
Q

What is the pyriform Sinus? [2]

A

A recess on either side of the laryngeal orifice

Its bounded by the aryepiglottic fold and the thyroid cartilage.