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Fundamentals Block 4 > Three Germ Layers and Body Folding > Flashcards

Three Germ Layers and Body Folding Flashcards

1
Q

central to diversifying cells into new tissues and establishing the body plan in the embryo

A

epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT)

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2
Q

which epithelial cells are converted into migratory mesenchymal cells?

A

epiblast

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3
Q

what determines the fate of epiblast cells?

A

their location

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4
Q

gastrulation sets the stage for……

A

-development of body form: morphogenesis
-organ development: organogenesis

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5
Q

what signifies the beginning of gastrulation?

A

the formation of the primitive streak

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6
Q

how is the primitive streak formed?

A

epiblast cells migrate to the midline of the embryonic disc and form a thickening

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7
Q

primitive groove

A

where cells move into the interior of the embryo

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8
Q

primitive node

A

expanded anterior end of the streak

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9
Q

primitive pit

A

continuation of the groove into the primitive node

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10
Q

what takes place once the epiblast cells around the cranial end of the primitive streak move in first?

A

-they replace the hypoblast and form the definitive endoderm
-the prechordal plate between the tip of notochord oropharyngeal membrane

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11
Q

where does cardiogenic mesoderm arise from?

A

the lateral side of the cranial end of the streak

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12
Q

which end of the streak does the extraembryonic mesoderm arise from?

A

caudal

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13
Q

which mesoderm contributes to the amnion, yolk sac, and allantois?

A

extraembryonic mesoderm

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14
Q

cells of the primitive node and pit give rise to?

A

the notochordal process which will develop into the notochord

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15
Q

cells from the primitive groove give rise to?

A

intraembryonic mesoderm

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16
Q

what are the functions of the notochord?

A

-first supporting structure in the embryo
-involved in the induction of the neural tube and vertebral bodies
-forms the primary nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disk
-might play roles in organizing and patterning of the caudal organs

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17
Q

what structure extends along the entire length of the future vertebral column

A

notochord

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18
Q

what are the different components of the intraembryonic mesoderm?

A

paraxial mesoderm in the head, paraxial mesoderm in the trunk, intermediate mesoderm, lateral plate mesoderm

19
Q

paraxial mesoderm in the head

A

-remains unsegmented
-supplemented with neural crest cells—> head mesenchyme

20
Q

paraxial mesoderm in the trunk

A

-becomes segmented into somites
-gives rise to most of the skeleton and skeletal muscles of the neck, limbs and trunk

21
Q

intermediate mesoderm

A

develops into the urinary and parts of the genital systems

22
Q

what are the 4 regions of the epiblast during the late stages of gastrulation and when the streak is fully elongated?

A

neural plate —>CNS
neural crest —->neural crest cells
placodal ectoderm —-> sensory systems of the head
surface ectoderm —-> epidermis of the skin

23
Q

after gastrulation (day 20), remnants of the remaining portion of the streak give rise to the ________________, which contributes to the formation of the caudal structures of the body.

A

caudal eminence (tail bud)

24
Q

when does the primitive streak disappear?

A

Day 25

25
Q

which membrane forms at the cranial end of the embryonic disk?

A

oropharyngeal

26
Q

which membrane forms at the caudal end of the embryonic disk?

A

cloacal

27
Q

future oral opening

A

oropharyngeal membrane

28
Q

future anal opening

A

cloacal membrane

29
Q

what are the 4 stages of neuralation?

A

week 3
1) neural induction- part of the ectoderm forms the thickened neural plate
2) shaping of the neural plate
3) lateral folding of the plate- forms the neural groove
week 4
4) closure of the neural tube

30
Q

what does the neural tube give rise to?

A

-the brain
-the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spinal cord levels

31
Q

on day 18, the primitive node inhibits formation of surface ectoderm overlying the notochordal process by inhibiting __________, and ________________forms

A

Bmp
neural plate forms

32
Q

the neural plate extends from the _________to the ________

A

oropharyngeal membrane to the primitive streak

33
Q

the neural plate is shaped into the cephalic end and caudal end. what do those form?

A

-cephalic: broad and will form the brain
-caudal: narrow and will form the spinal cord

34
Q

when does closure of the neural tube begin?

A

day 20

35
Q

when do the anterior and posterior neuropores close?

A

day 25
day 27

36
Q

the tail bud contributes to the formation of which caudal structures?

A

-sacral and coccygeal portions of the neural tube (secondary neurulation)
-rudiments of lower limbs, terminal portions of GI and urogenital systems, lower vertebrae

37
Q

caudal structures that form from the tail bud form without the development of germ layers and…..

A

-initiated after primary neurulation is complete
-connects around the 6th week without the tri-laminar formation

38
Q

ectoderm

A

-organs and structures that remain in contact with the outside world (nervous system, neural crest cells, epidermis, tooth enamel, etc.)

39
Q

mesoderm

A

structures that support other tissues (cartilage, bone, connective tissue, muscle tissue)

40
Q

endoderm

A

-epithelial lining of the digestive and respiratory tract and urinary bladder
-secretory portions of the glands associated with the digestive tract and glands of pharyngeal arch origin

41
Q

α-fetoprotein (AFP)

A

-produced in the liver of fetus (peaks at 14 weeks)
-excreted by the fetal kidneys
-absorbs into maternal circulation (concentrations decline after week 30)

42
Q

what does elevated AFP lead to?

A

neural tube defects (NTD)
abdominal wall defects

43
Q

what does decreased AFP lead to?

A

trisomy 18, 21
sex chromosome abnormalities

Fundamentals Block 4 (5 decks)

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