Thoughts and Language

Question 1

Schemas

Answer 1

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

Question 2

Mental Set

Answer 2

the tendency to react to new problems with habitual stratagy

Question 3

Functional Fixedness

Answer 3

failure to think of unusual uses of an object different from the typical uses of an object

Question 4

Availability Heuristic

Answer 4

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory

Question 5

Framing

Answer 5

the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions

Question 6

Confirmation Bias

Answer 6

a tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions

Question 7

Algorithm

Answer 7

a step by step procedure that guarantees a solution

Question 8

Heuristics

Answer 8

a rule of thumb strategy that guides problem-solving but doesn’t guarantee a solution

Question 9

Representative Heuristics

Answer 9

a rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they represent particular prototypes

Question 10

Prototypes

Answer 10

familiar or typical examples

Question 11

Cognitive Dissonance

Answer 11

theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent

Question 12

Phonemes

Answer 12

basic sounds

Question 13

Morphemes

Answer 13

words; a basic unit of meaning

Question 14

Syntax

Answer 14

the way words and groups of words combine to form phrases, clauses, and sentences

Question 15

Semantics

Answer 15

the analysis of the meaning of language, especially individual words, and the relationship among words

Question 16

Noam Chomsky (Language Acquisition Device)

Answer 16

each person is born with the ability to learn language

Question 17

Linguistic Determinism

Answer 17

the failure of words to translate in some languages shows that people’s perceptions and conceptualizations of reality are influenced by their language