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Thought And Belief Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Claim?

A

A statement, declarative sentence, or proposition, about the world and the way it is

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2
Q

What two “flavors” of grounds to justify believe do we have?

A

Rational and Psychological

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3
Q
A
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4
Q

Psychological reason have what characteristics to them?

A

What one can mentally accept or deal with
What a person is simply hardwired to believe, despite evidence to the contrary
Pertain to habit or custom
Make up our “common sense” world veiw

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5
Q

What is an argument?

A

A group of statements, one or more of which are claimed to provide support for, or reason to believe, one of the others.

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6
Q

What is logic?

A

The formal discipline or science that governs the procedures by which we evaluate arguments

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7
Q

What are the two kinds of arguments?

A

Deductive and inductive

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8
Q

What is an Inductive argument?

A

An argument that intends to render the conclusion Likely or Probabaly true on the basis of the premises

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9
Q

How do you “weigh” an inductive argument?

A

With Strength, Weakness, and Cogency

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10
Q

What does Strength pertain to?

A

The logical form of an inductive argument. A strong inductive argument is one where the conclusion is likely true on the assumption that the premises are true. A weak inductive argument is such that the conclusion might not follow from the supposed truth of the premises.

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11
Q

What does Cogency pertain to?

A

The Content of an inductive argument. A cogent argument is an Inductive Argument which is Both strong, and the premises are true. If an argument is weak it is Not cogent. If a premise is false, it is not cogent

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12
Q

What is a Deductive argument?

A

Deductive arguments intend to provide Conclusive reasons for why a certain claim is true.

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13
Q

The evidence offered by the premises of a Deductive Argument can either be:

A

Valid or invalid, sound or unsound

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14
Q

What does Validity pertain to?

A

The logical for of a Deductive Argument. A DA is valid when the premises and conclusion are related in such a way that the assumed truth of the premises guarantees the truth of the conclusion

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15
Q

What does Soundness pertain to?

A

The content of a Deductive Argument. A sound Argument is one which is both valid and the premises are true. If the Argument is invalid, it is not sound. If a premise is false, it is not sound

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16
Q

What is a concept

A

A unique set of defining characteristics which captures, picks out, makes reference to, or is instantiated by one or more references or objects

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17
Q

What is the double truth view?

A

Faith and reason are incompatible, but a person can hold both

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18
Q

What is the Contemporary view of Faith vs Reason?

A

They are incompatible, and a person has to choose. Either only the physical world exists (Naturlism) or science is deceptive (Fundamentalism)

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19
Q

From the Machoga reading, what are the two views of God?

A

Author or Craftsman

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20
Q

What is Mono-causation?

A

All cause is efficient causatial (quantifiable)
All causation is direct and exclusive

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21
Q

From the Mach. Reading, God as Author:

A

Causation is multi-layered
Analogical (not the same scale)

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22
Q

From the Mach Reading, God the Craftsman:

A

Univocal (same scale [of the same voice])
Mono causation

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23
Q

Life is vanity, what are the two choices?

A

Existential despair 🥳
Become vain (anthropocentrism)

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24
Q

What are the 5 ways to hide an Elephant

A
  1. Diversion, no time to think
  2. Propaganda, encourage certain kinds of think
  3. Indifference
  4. Pursuit of happiness
  5. Subjectivisim, personal truths
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25
What are the five observations about the "toils under the sun" that Solomon makes?
1 Earthly wisdom is empty 2. Pleasure is boring 3. Wealth/power do not bring happiness 4. Social duty is just toil 5. Conventional religion is empty
26
What are the 4 basic modal terms?
Possible, necessity, contingency, impossibility
27
Define a contingent thing
A thing that Either exists or doesn't exist yet could have been otherwise.
28
Define an Impossible thing
A thing that is something that could never exist
29
Define a necessary thing
A thing that must always exist
30
Define a possible thing
A thing that is either contingent or necessary
31
If something is logically necessary/possible, that does Not mean:
It is causally or physically necessary/possible
32
Claims of possibility are claims that
Do not involve any sort of logical contradictions
33
Claims of necessity are claims that
The denial of which do involve a contradiction
34
How does Redutio Ad Absurdem work?
It assumes the opposite of its conclusion, then derives a contradiction, showing that the assumption is false
35
What is an argument?
A set of statements that together comprise a reason for a futher statement
36
What is a claim?
A declarative statement, or proposton about the world and the way it is
37
what is the difference between an inductive and a deductive argument?
A inductive agrument makes the conclusion likely if the premises are true, while a deductive argument garentees the conclusion if the premises are true.
38
What is a concept? (2nd card)
A concept is a set of defining characteristics whichs makes reference to referents or objects
39
what are the two ways to acquire concepts?
1. Direct abstraction (DA) 2. Construction (C)
40
What is Direct abstraction?
DA comes from our preception (raw data from senses) of the "real world". It allows us to make existence claims
41
What is construction?
C comes after DA and allows us to make non-existence claims.
42
What is Representational thought?
It comes from D.A (existnce claims) and C (non-existence claims) and includes memory and imagation (pictures in head)
43
Why are we studting arguments in a class devoted to disussing the relationship between reason and faith?
Without being able to make or requnice good arguments, it would be much harder to discuss faith and reason. In order to defend faith, we need good arguments backed with reason.
44
The ontological argument is what kind of argument?
A priori argument
45
What is a priori argument?
An argument that needs no experience, just logic
46
What type of argument is the Cosomological argument?
A posteriori argument
47
What is an A posteriori argument?
An argument that uses principles justified by observation
48
What are the four options that are exhaustive of our potential origins of the existence of the universe?
1. The universe has a beginning, but its beginning has no explanation at all. 2. The universe has a beginning, and this beginning is explained by some being outside of this finite series (God) 3. The universe has always existed, and extends back in time infinitely, but the existence of this infinite series that has no explanation at all. 4. The universe has always existed, and extends back in time infinitely, and this infinite series is explained by some being outside of the infinite series (God)
49
What is the Kalam cosmological agrument?
1. Whatever begins to exist has a cause. 2. The universe began to exist ▪︎ the universe has a cause 3. Nothing can be the cause of itself ▪︎ The cause of the universe is something other than nature
50
What is the difference between a truth of faith and a truth of reason for Aquinas?
Truths of fatih can only be known by revelation. Truths of reason are those which human reason is able to comprehend about natural and sensible things, and certain truths about God
51
What are Aquinas's two typies of truths?
Truths of faith and Truths of reason
52
Why is it that Aquinas believes that both sets of truths must be revealed?
Aquinas believed that al truths about God are revealed even though tere are some truths about Him that can be accesed through natural reason (truths of reason). This is done out of Divine Mercy.
53
(Aquinas reading) God reals certain truths to us that even human reason cannot investigate. Why?
1. So that we may attain the higher good for which we were created. 2. To have a truer, humbler knowledge of God and our relationship to Him. (Faith)
54
For Aquinas, are the truths of faith ever incompatible with the truths of reason?
Only the beliefs which exceed the ability of human reason to prove are the proper province of faith. Faith is the acceptance of certain claims about God and his activities that human reason cannot establish. (Both truths are true, one we can accept because our human reason tells us it it true, and the other we can accept through faith.)
55
What are the two primary veiws that people have of God, according to Machuga?
God the Author (caustion is multi-layered, analogical) God the Craftsman (Mono causation, univocal)
56
What is Mono-causation?
1. All causation is efficient Causation (quantifable) 2. all causation is direct and exclusive.
57
How does Machuga understand the concept of meaning of information?
"Only minds, whether hyman or otherwise, can produce the kind of information conveged by words, codes, and instructions" Information is not physical, but a kind of code that is made by a mind. (sticks on beach analogy)
58
(Machuga reading) distingish the quantitative vs the qualitative meaning of a word.
Quantivitaive meaning of a word is what about the word can be counted (e.i, the number of letters) while the qualitative meaning is the information behind what the word means. A word translated into a different laungue will have the same qualitative meaning, but a different quantitative meaning.
59
Explain Machuga's "Divine Informer" argument. What is its purpose?
1. DNA contains information. 2. Information requires a mind 3. The information in the DNA did not come from a human mind. Therefore, it must be the product of a divine in-former. The only alternatives since science backs this is to believe in both science and a divine in-former or disbelieve in both. "Science does assume the existence of a divine Author capable of in-forming DNA"
60
What does the author of Ecclestastes mean by the term "vantiy"?
The Hebrew word "hevel" which means smoke, meaningless, purposelessness, or a chasing after the wind
61
Kreeft claims that Ecclesiastes is the "question to which the rest of the Bible is the answer." What is that question, and according to Kreeft, what is the answer that Ecc;esiastes itelf gives?
Does my life have any meaning or purpose? Nope
62
As we disussed in class, if life is indeed vanity, then what are our only options?
Existential despair Anthropocentrism, become vain
63
from our discussion, why do riches, pleasure, or power bring vanity?
Worldly goods are compatible with evil, they are not self-sufficent (they are done for something else) and they can not be kept (as hard as they are fought for, they can vanish in an instint)
64
Identify Kreeft's Obscene Syllogism. How does Kreeft object to this argument?
1. All toil is under the sun. 2. Everything under the sun is vain. 3. Thus all toil is vanity. All toil is Not under the sun (building the kingdom of God, ourselves. Agape Love is not vain
65
Given Kreeft's objection, what then id the deeper purpose of studying the book of Ecclesiastes?
Ecclesiastes shows what life is like without Jesus, it asks the questions that the rest of the Bible answers.
66
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68
What is the Cosmological Argument?
1. Whatever begins to exist has a cause 2. The universe began to exist Therfore, the universe has a cause 3. Something can not cause itself. Therefore the universe (nature) did not cause itself
69
What is the Prinviple of Suffenent Reason?
"Something can't come from nothing."
70

Philosophy (3 decks)

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