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Mrsc2100 > Thorco-lumbar > Flashcards

Thorco-lumbar Flashcards

1
Q

What is paraplegia

A

Paraplegia is an impairment in motor or sensory function of the lower extremities.

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2
Q

Why is the AEC not always recommended for T and L spine projections

A

soft tissue and viscera can change the window width.

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3
Q

Where are the illiac crests located , relative to the spine

A

L4/5

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4
Q

What has to be injured to cause an unstable vertebrae?

A

Pedicles.

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5
Q

What is a myelogram?

A

Kinda like angio but for nerves.

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6
Q

What forms the intervertebral foramena

A

Inferior vertebral notch

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7
Q

What demarks the location of T vertebrae for C@ ?

A

9cm below sternal notch

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8
Q

What position is the patient best in for thoracic projections and why?

A

supine

comfier and easier to replicate.

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9
Q

Typical thoracic kVp range?

A

80

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10
Q

Typical thoracic C@

A

T7

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11
Q

why might a exposure of 40mAs be used on a lateral thoracic projection?

A

to compensate for breathing to blur the ribs.

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12
Q

Why are iliac crests used on a scoliosis projection?

and how to orientate IR’s

A

measurement data.

landscape, may need 2.

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13
Q

Breathing for thoracic and lumbar projections?

A

Thoracic = susp. Insp.

Lumbar= susp. Expir.

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14
Q

Why are knees flexed on a lumbar projection?

A

Brings spine closer to IR.

(will bring spine further away for a thoracic).

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15
Q

Why is a filter beam used for lumbar region?

A

Dense bone

soft viscera.

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16
Q

typical kVp range for lumbar?

A

80.

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17
Q

SPOT kVp

A

95

one of highest radiographic exposures.

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18
Q

Alot harder to damage thoracic vertebrae , why?

A

ribs.

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19
Q

If a patient is leaning to one side, what could this be a clue to?

A

hemivertebrae.

patient will lean to the UNAFFLICTED side.

a Thoracic hemivertebrae may be missing ribs.

20
Q

What is another name for a bilateral hemi vertebrae?

A

Bow-tie.

21
Q

What causes a block vertebrae?

A

failure of fusion/ seperation.

22
Q

Which part of spine is a wedge fracture more common and why?

A

Lumbar due to it losing mineral density with age.

can lead to multiple wedge fractures -> kyphosis.

23
Q

Radiographic appearance of a wedge #

A

ellipsoidal shape.

typically anterior wedging but can be middle ( biconcave) or post.

24
Q

How to analyse wedge # severity.

A

measure its height reduction against a normal adjacent vertebrae.

e.g. the L1 vertebrae has anterior wedging with a 50% reduction in height.

25
Q

Why is a zygopophyseal dislocation less likely in T and L vertebrae? and give an example of how it could happen.

A

Needs a large DISTRACTION force.

bungie jumping / parachuting.

26
Q

Chance #

A

Basically tearing apart the vertebrae from the posterior aspect.

It will always start posteriorly so look at spinous processes.

Transverse # that can be complete or partial and can result in retropulsion.

27
Q

Pincer/ coronal split #

A

Forced flexion with anterior force + axial compression.

Adjacent vertebral bodies ‘bite’ the middle vertebral body.

Chance of anteror or retropulsion.

May need ORIF

28
Q

ORIF meaning

A

Open reduction Internal fixation

29
Q

Spondylo

A

Spine

30
Q

spondylosis

A

Wearing of IV discs.

DDD

Arthritic change

31
Q

Spondylitis

A

Vertebral inflammation

32
Q

Spoondylolysis

A

Defect in pars interarticularis.

33
Q

Spondylolisthesis

A

Displacement of vertebral body relative to the one below

“sliding;.

34
Q

DDD

A

Degenerative Disc Disease.

35
Q

Describe the effect of disc bulging with increasing severity

A

Disc bulges due in direction of applied force.

Can lead to radiculopathy

Constant pressure leads to herniated disc (slipped disc).

Disc desiccation (dried out disc) loss of height, loss of shock absorber, easier to damage , causes arthrtic change

SPONDYLOSIS

36
Q

Why can we only observe the consequences of spondylosis on film?

A

IV discs arent visible on plain film x ray

37
Q

DISH

A

Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis

Hyperostosis = exasperated bone spurs.

38
Q

What could be a reason as to why IV are visible on plain film xray?

A

osteophytes have fused around damaged disc to cause ossification.

39
Q

ankolysing spondylitis

A

bamboo spine

40
Q

Effects of DISH

A

calcified IV

ankolysing spondylitis

carrot stick #

41
Q

carrot stick #

A

oblique # to 1 or more vertebrae.

42
Q

Spina bifada

A

Post components of vertebrae do not fuse or are entirely absent.

can lead to herniation of meninges or herniation of meninges + nervous tissue.

43
Q

Meningocele

A

Meninges herniated through post. vertebrae.

44
Q

Myelomeningocele

A

meningocele plus nervous tissue.

45
Q

Typical mechanisms for kyphosis or lordosis

A

wedge #

hemivertebrae.

46
Q

What is used to quantify the degree of curvature in scoliosis ?

A

COBB angle.

47
Q

Who is more prevalent to scoliosis

A

Women in the radiosensitive age range.

Mrsc2100 (6 decks)

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