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Phys Di 2 (littrell) > Thorax & Respiratory System > Flashcards

Thorax & Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the diaphragm do during ins-piration?

A

contracts

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2
Q

What is the role of external intercostal muscle during inspiration?

A

increase the anteroposterior chest diameter

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3
Q

What are the primary muscles of respiration?

A

interior intercostals (decrease transverse chest diameter during expiration), SCM and trapezius are accessory muscles (used when there are pulmonary problems)

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4
Q

How many lobes do the lungs have?

A

right:three, left: 2 and a lingula

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5
Q

The trachea divides into right and left main bronchi at about what thoracic level?

A

T4 or T5 just below manubriosternal joint

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6
Q

The main bronchi divide into?

A

three branches on the right and two on the left

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7
Q

Which bronchus is winder, shorter, and more vertically placed leaving it more susceptible to aspiration of foreign bodies?

A

right bronchus

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8
Q

Which intercostal space are the male nipples typically located?

A

4th intercostal space

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9
Q

The manubriosternal junction is located at which intercostal space?

A

2nd intercostal space

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10
Q

Where are the lungs located in relation to the clavicles?

A

the apex is partially above the clavicles

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11
Q

How do fetuses have gas exchange?

A

through placenta (NOT the lungs)

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12
Q

How would you describe the chest of a newborn?

A

round (chest and head circumference are about the same until age 2)

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13
Q

Why do premature babies have lung issues?

A

because the lungs are the last thing to develop

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14
Q

What is the proper order of a chest examination?

A

inspection, palpation, percussion, auscultation

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15
Q

When inspecting a patient during a chest exam, what are you looking for

A

finger clubbing, breath odor, skin, nail and lip cyanosis or pallor, pursing lips, nostril flaring

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16
Q

What is the normal respiration rate in an adult?

A

12-20 breaths/minute

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17
Q

Respiratory rhythm in a resting adult is described as what kind of breathing?

A

kussmaul

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18
Q

What kind of respiration patter should a resting adult have?

A

cheyne-stokes, biot respirations

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19
Q

Retractions in the chest wall symmetry would indicate?

A

obstruction

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20
Q

What is the term for-on inspiration, the lower thorax is drawn in, and on expiration, the opposite occurs (thorax moves in a wave from bottom up)

A

paradoxic breathing

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21
Q

Name the three P structures in the body that might produce friction rubs?

A

pleura, paracardium, and peritineum

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22
Q

What could cause deviation of the trachea?

A

large thyroid, aortic aneurysm, collapsed lung (pneumothorax), cancer-tumor, goiter

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23
Q

What side would the diaphragm typically be higher on and from what structure?

A

the right from the liver

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24
Q

What would you want the measurement of diaphragmatic excursion to be in a health patient?

A

between 3-5 cm difference

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25
Q

Where would you expect to hear vesicular breathing?

A

over healthy lung tissue

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26
Q

where would you expect to hear bronchovesicular breath sounds?

A

over the major bronchi

27
Q

where would you expect to hear bronchial breath sounds?

A

over the trachea

28
Q

If bronchovesicular and bronchial breath sounds are abnormal, where would you expect to hear them?

A

over peripheral lung tissue

29
Q

This breah sound is most often heard with large, relatively stiff-walled pulmonary cavity or tension pneumothorax with bronchopleural fistula

A

amorphic

30
Q

This breah sound is commonly heard over a pulmonary cavity in which the wall is rigid

A

cavernous

31
Q

When are crackles most likely heard?

A

during inspiration

32
Q

What causes a wheeze?

A

a relatively high-velocity air flow through a narrowed or obstructed airway

33
Q

What conditions would most likely produce a wheeze?

A

bronchospasm od asthma or acute or chronic bronchitis

34
Q

These breath sounds are similar to a wheeze but are deeper, more rumbling, more pronounced during expiration, more likely to be prolonged and continuous, and less discreet than crackles

A

rhonchi (sonorous wheezes)

35
Q

What causes rhonchi breath sounds?

A

passage of air through and airway obstructed by thick secretions, muscular spasm, new growth, or external pressure

36
Q

Where would a friction run occur?

A

outside the respiratory tree

37
Q

Which breath sound has the aka Hamman sign and is found with mediastinal emphysema?

A

mediastinal crunch

38
Q

Extreme bronchophony where even a whisper can be heard clearly through the stethoscope is what kind of vocal resonance?

A

pectoriloquy

39
Q

intensity of the spoken voice is increased and there is a nasal quality where e’s become stuffy nasal a’s in which vocal resonance?

A

egophony

40
Q

What is the normal respiratory rate in an infant?

A

40-60 breaths/minute

41
Q

Coughing is rare in infants, what is common?

A

frequent sneezing and hiccups

42
Q

Infant flaring of alas nasi is an indicator of?

A

respiratory distress

43
Q

Are children chest resonance more or less than adults?

A

more

44
Q

Incomplete expansion of the lung at birth or the collapse of lung segment(s) at any age is called?

A

atelectasis

45
Q

inflammation of the large airways is called?

A

bronchitis

46
Q

small airway obstruction due to inflammation and hyper-reactive airways is called?

A

asthma

47
Q

inflammatory process involving the visceral and parietal pleura, which becomes edematous and fibrinous is called?

A

pleurisy

48
Q

excessive nonpurulent fluid in the pleural space is called?

A

pleural effusion

49
Q

purulent exudative fluid collected in the pleural space is called?

A

empyema

50
Q

What is the most common cause of pleural effusion?

A

CHF

51
Q

presence of air or gas in the potential space of the pleural cavity is called?

A

pneumothorax

52
Q

Presence of blood in the pleural cavity is called?

A

hemothorax

53
Q

Generally refers to bronchogenic carcinoma, a malignant tumor that evolves from bronchial epithelial structures

A

lung cancer

54
Q

Pneumothorax (collapse lung) MC?

A

marfan’s syndrome

55
Q

What are the two biggest risk factors of bronchogenic carcinoma?

A

radon and smoking

56
Q

well-defined, circumscribed mass defined by inflammation, suppuration, and subsequent central necrosis is a?

A

lung abscess (infxn)

57
Q

inflammatory response of the bronchioles and alveoli to an infective agent (bacterial, fungal, or viral?

A

pneumonia

58
Q

What lung pathology has a “cluster of grape” appearance?

A

Bronchiectasis

59
Q

Hemothorax is associated with which pathology?

A

TB

60
Q

Air inside OR outside the lung would cause what change to breath sounds and resonance?

A

decrease (air is an insulator)

61
Q

When air is present inside or outside the lung, what happens to percussion?

A

increased

62
Q

Mucus inside the lung does what to breath sounds and resonance?

A

increase

63
Q

Mucus outside the lung does what to breath sounds?

A

decreases

64
Q

Mucus inside or outside the lung causes what kind of noise during percussion?

A

a dud sounds (thud)

Phys Di 2 (littrell) (2 decks)

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