Thorax-Heart

Question 1

bilateral compartments that contain the lungs and pleurae (lining membranes) and occupy the majority of the thoracic cavity.

Answer 1

pulmonary cavities

Question 2

compartment intervening between and completely separating the two pulmonary cavities,

Answer 2

mediastinum

Question 3

anteroposteriorly: sternum to the thoracic vertebral bodies.
vertically: superior thoracic aperture to the diaphragm

Answer 3

mediastinum

Question 4

parietal pleura is named for the structures it covers(3)

Answer 4

costal, mediastinal, and dia-phragmatic parts

Question 5

cen-tral compartment of the thoracic cavity

Answer 5

mediastinum

Question 6

enable it to accommodate movement as well as volume and pressure changes in the thoracic cavity;

Answer 6

looseness of the connective tissue and the elasticity of the lungs and parietal pleura

Question 7

inferiorly from the superior thoracic aperture

to the horizontal plane that includes the sternal angle anteriorly

and passes approximately through the junction (IV disc) of T4 and T5 vertebrae posteriorly,

Answer 7

superior mediastinum

Aka transverse thoracic plane

Question 8

further subdivided by the pericardium into anterior, middle, and posterior parts

Answer 8

inferior mediastinum

Question 9

Compartment includes the pericardium, heart, and roots of its great vessels, ascending aorta, pulmonary trunk, and SVC

Answer 9

middle mediastinum

Question 10

tough external layer, continu-ous with the central tendon of the diaphragm

apex continuous with the adventitia of the great vessels

Answer 10

fi brous pericardium

Question 11

composed mainly of mesothelium, a single layer of fl attened cells forming an epithelium that lines both the internal surface of the fi brous pericardium and the external surface of the heart.

Answer 11

serous pericardium

Question 12

fi brous pericardium is: Attached anteriorly to the posterior surface of the ster-num by the

Answer 12

sternopericardial ligaments

Question 13

help to retain the heart in its position in the thoracic cavity.

Answer 13

central tendon of the diaphragm

sternopericardial ligaments

Question 14

phrenic nerves originate from spinal cord levels

Answer 14

C3 to C5

Question 15

located within and supply the fibrous pericardium as they pass through the thoracic cavity.

Answer 15

pericardiacophrenic vessels

Question 16

The parietal layer of serous pericardium is continuous with

Answer 16

visceral layer of serous pericardium around the roots of the great vessels

Question 17

reflections of serous pericardium (Fig. 3.55) occur in two locations:

Answer 17

one superiorly, surrounding the arteries, the aorta, and the pulmonary trunk; •

the second more posteriorly, surrounding the veins, the superior and inferior vena cava, and the pulmonary veins.

Question 18

cul-de-sac formed within the J, wide pocket-like recess in the pericardial cavity posterior to the left atrium

Answer 18

oblique pericardial sinus.

Question 19

A passage between the two sites of reflected serous pericardium

posterior to the ascending aorta and the pulmonary trunk

anterior to the superior vena cava

superior to the left atrium.

Answer 19

transverse pericardial sinus.

Question 20

The heart and pericardial sac are situated obliquely, approximately two thirds to the left and one third to the right of the median plane.

T/F

Answer 20

True

Question 21

potential space between opposing layers of the parietal and visceral layers

contains a thin fi lm of fl uid that enables the heart to move and beat in a frictionless environment.

Answer 21

pericardial cavity

Question 22

arterial supply of the pericardium (Fig. 1.47) is mainly from what slender branch of the internal thoracic artery,

Answer 22

peri cardiacophrenic artery

Question 23

Smaller contributions of blood come from the:

Answer 23

Musculophrenic artery

Bronchial, esophageal, and superior phrenic arteries Coronary arteries

Question 24

venous drainage of the pericardium

Answer 24

Pericardiacophrenic veins,

tributaries of the azygos venous system

Question 25

nerve supply of the pericardium

Answer 25

Phrenic nerves

Vagus nerves

Sympathetic trunks

Question 26

split or separated from the developing body wall by the developing pleural cavities, which extend to accommodate the rapidly growing lungs (

Answer 26

membrane (pleuro pericardial membrane) that includes the phrenic nerve

Question 27

primary source of sensory fi bers; pain sensations conveyed by these nerves are commonly referred to the skin (C3–C5 dermatomes) of the ipsilateral supraclavicular region

Answer 27

Phrenic nerves

Question 28

too small to accommodate the rapid growth of the lungs,

they begin to invade the mesenchyme of the body wall posteriorly, laterally, and anteriorly, splitting it into two layers

Answer 28

canals (primordial pleural cavities)

Question 29

The two layers

Answer 29

outer layer that becomes the defi nitive thoracic wall (ribs and intercostal muscles) and an inner or deep layer (the pleuropericardial membranes) that contains the phrenic nerves and forms the fi brous pericardium

Question 30

T/F

When standing or sitting upright

Arch of the aorta lies superior to the transverse thoracic plane

Bifurcation of the trachea is transected by the transverse thoracic plane.

Answer 30

F. In the supine position

Question 31

Arch of the aorta is transected by the transverse thoracic plane. • Tracheal bifurcation lies inferior to the transverse thoracic plane. • Central tendon of the diaphragm may fall to the level of the middle of the xiphoid process and T9–T10 IV discs.

Answer 31

When standing or sitting upright

Question 32

insert the endoscope through a small incision at the root of the neck, just superior to the jugular notch of the manubrium, into the potential space anterior to the trachea. D

Answer 32

mediastino scopy

Question 33

By passing a surgical clamp or a ligature around these which sinus? inserting the tubes of a coronary bypass machine, and then tightening the ligature, surgeons can stop or divert the circulation of blood in these arteries while performing cardiac surgery, such as coronary artery bypass grafting.

Answer 33

transverse pericardial sinus

Question 34

friction of the roughened surfaces may sound like the rustle of silk when listening with a stethoscope over the left sternal border and upper ribs

Indicates —- and is called

Answer 34

Pericarditis and pericardial friction rub)

Question 35

venous blood returns to the heart at a rate that exceeds cardiac output, producing right cardiac hypertension (elevated pressure in the right side of the heart)

Answer 35

Noninfl ammatory pericardial effusions often occur with congestive heart failure,

Question 36

potentially lethal condition because heart volume is increasingly compromised by the f l uid outside the heart but inside the pericardial cavity

Answer 36

Cardiac tamponade (heart compression),

Question 37

a wide-bore needle may be inserted through the left 5th or 6th intercostal space near the sternum.

Answer 37

pericardiocentesis,

Question 38

apex is misplaced to the right instead of the left

Answer 38

dextrocardia

Question 39

self-adjusting suction and pressure pump, the parts of which work in unison

Answer 39

Heart

Question 40

a thin internal layer (endothelium and subendothelial connective tissue) or lining membrane of the heart that also covers its valves.

Answer 40

Endocardium

Question 41

formed by the visceral layer of serous pericardium.

Answer 41

Epicardium

Question 42

This motion initially ejects the blood from the ventricles as the outer (basal) spiral contracts, fi rst narrowing and then shortening the heart, reducing the volume of the ventricular chambers

Answer 42

wringing motion because of the double helical orientation of the cardiac muscle fi bers

Question 43

formed by connections between ring

Answer 43

fi brous trigone

Question 44

a complex framework of dense collagen forming four fi brous rings (L. anuli f i brosi) that surround the orifi ces of the valves, a right and left fi brous trigone; and the membranous parts of the interatrial and interventricular septa.

Answer 44

fi brous skeleton of the heart

Question 45

originates primarily from the fi brous ring of the pulmonary valve and inserts primarily into the fi brous ring of the aortic valve

Answer 45

ventricular myocardial band