Thorax Continued Flashcards

1
Q

What is the eternal notch? What is another name for it?

A

Centering landmark in CT of the thorax

AKA; jugular notch

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2
Q

What is the sternal angle?

A

Where the manubrium meets the body of the sternum. May also describe the angle to be parallel to table with breast board

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3
Q

What is the apex of the lung?

A

Top, most superior, above the level of the first rib

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4
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

Concave shaped base of lungs

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5
Q

What are the angles of the lungs?

A

Medial; cardiophrenic and lateral;costophrenic

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6
Q

What is the Hilum of the lung?

A

An opening on the medial surface of the lungs for passage of bronchi,blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves

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7
Q

The lobes of the lungs are divided by what? How many lobes are there in each lung?

A

Divided by fissure

right side has 3 lobes and the left side has only 2 lobes

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8
Q

Why is the diaphragm higher on the right side? Why does the right lung only have 2 lobes?

A

Liver is below

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9
Q

How does the pleural cavity move?

A

Moves with the structures as a whole

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10
Q

What is the visceral pleura?

A

The inner layer of the pleural cavity, covers out surface of lungs, even between the lobes

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11
Q

The trachea splits in the right and left what? At what level does this split occur? What is another name for it?

A

The right and left mainstream bronchus at the T4-5 level; called the carina

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12
Q

What is the mediastinum ?

A

Midline between the two lungs

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13
Q

What structures does the mediastinum contain?

A

Thymus gland, heart, great vessels, trachea, esophagus, thoracic duct, lymph nodes

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14
Q

What does the thymus gland produce?

A

Lymphocytes

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15
Q

What is the function of the thymus gland?

A

Aids in development of the immune system, large in children and decreases in size with age

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16
Q

What surrounds the heart?

A

Pericardium

17
Q

The apex and base of the heart are located where?

A

Apex: inferior part

Base: superior part

18
Q

What is coopers ligament?

A

Connective tissue in the breast that help maintain structure

19
Q

What is the noise of an image?

A

Speckled appearance of the CT image caused by insufficient photons reaching the detectors (large patients)

20
Q

Artifacts in imaging are described as?

A

Being seen on the image but is not present on the object being scanned

Ex: metal implants, dense materials cause streak artifacts

21
Q

What are out of field artifacts?

A

Parts of the patient lying outside the scan field, causes inaccuracies in the image

22
Q

Common names of some processing algorithms

A

Algorithm, convolution filter, CR filter, FC number, or just filter

23
Q

An algorithm is defined as?

A

Any method of solving a certain type of problem. In CT the problem is to recreate an image that accurately represents the object scanned

24
Q

What is filtering?

A

Generally made from Teflon or aluminum, within the CT system that help to reduce the range of x-ray energies that reach the patient

25
Q

How does filtering improve the image?

A

Creates a more uniform beam intensity

26
Q

What are bow tie filters?

A

Filters used to reduce the beam intensity, corresponding to the thinner areas of a patient’s anatomy

27
Q

What is the window width?

A

Mechanism that determines the range of hounsfield numbers that will be represented on a particular image

28
Q

By widening the width you can ensure what?

A

More numbers are assigned to each shade of gray

29
Q

Wider window settings will decrease what?

A

The contrast and the display of noise on an image

30
Q

What is the window level?

A

Mechanism that selects the center CT value of the window width, it selects which set of HU numbers will be displayed

31
Q

The window width is also known as the?

A

Density or the brightness of the image

32
Q

The window level is also known as the ?

A

Contrast level of the image

33
Q

What is 3-dimensional reformation?

A

Performed with special software, individual slices are combined and smoothed so that their merged surfaces resemble the intact patient structure

Most helpful in tumor mapping, assesses isodose lines in relation to the tumor volume

34
Q

What does the sternum articulate with?

A

First two pairs of ribs and the clavicles

35
Q

The sternum articulates with the clavicle where?

A

At the clavicles notch to form the sternoclavicular joints (sc)

36
Q

What level is the jugular notch located?

A

Superior border of the border of the manubrium at approximately T2-T3

37
Q

What level is the sternal angle located?

A

Aprox T4-T5

38
Q

What does the thoracic inlet allow for?

A

Passage of nerves, vessels, and viscera from the neck into the thoracic cavity

39
Q

Difference between the visceral and parietal pleura?

A

Parietal pleura is outer layer which is continuous with the thoracic wall and diaphragm, moves with structures during respiration

Visceral pleura is the inner layer that closely covers the outer surface of the lung and continues into the fissures to cover the individual lobes