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Sectional Anatomy > Abdomen > Flashcards

Abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the abdominal cavity located?

A

Between the diaphragm and the sacral promontory

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2
Q

The abdomen includes what?

A

Liver, gallbladder and biliary system, pancreas, spleen, adrenal glands, kidneys, ureters, stomach, intestines, and vascular structures

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3
Q

What is the liver the primary center for?

A

Metabolism

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4
Q

Describe the left lobe of the liver

A

Most anterior, extends scows the midline

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5
Q

Describe the right lobe of the liver

A

Largest of the four lobes, lies close to the right lateral abdominal wall, directly under the diaphragm

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6
Q

Describe the caudate lobe of the liver

A

The smallest lobe, located on the inferior and posterior liver surface

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7
Q

Describe the quadrate lobe

A

Located on the anteroinferior surface of the left lobe

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8
Q

What is the function of the liver?

A

Stores fuel from sugars, makes needed proteins, helps remove poisons and toxins, and makes bile; substance that helps with digestion

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9
Q

What is the portal hepatic system?

A

How the liver is supplied with nutrient rich blood from the gastrointestinal system

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10
Q

What is the portal vein and what is it a part of?

A

Part of the portal hepatic system and is formed by superior and inferior mesenteric veins and the splenic vein

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11
Q

The atrial blood is supplied by what?

A

Common hepatic artery (one of the branches of the celiac artery)

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12
Q

Venous drainage is made up of what?

A

The right, middle, and left hepatic veins which drain into the inferior vena cava just below the diaphragm

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13
Q

How long is the gallbladder?

A

7-10 cm

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14
Q

What is the gallbladder connected to and what connects it?

A

Connected to the liver and the duodenum by the biliary tract

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15
Q

Where can the cystic duct be found? What does it join with? What does it form?

A

Leads from the gallbladder and joins with the common hepatic duct to form the common bile duct

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16
Q

What is the function of the biliary system?

A

Drain waste products from liver and duodenum, helps in digestion by control release bile

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17
Q

What are the two primary functions of bile?

A

Carry away waste, break down fat during digestion

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18
Q

What does bile consist of? Which component helps break down and absorb fats?

A

Waste products, cholesterol, bile salts

Bile salt is the actual component which helps break down and absorb fats.

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19
Q

Where is the gallbladder located and what is it’s function?

A

Located I a fossa on the anteroinferior portion of the right lobe of the liver, it is a reservoir for bile

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20
Q

Bile enters and leaves through which duct?

A

Cystic duct

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21
Q

The common hepatic duct is composed of what?

A

The right and left hepatic ducts from the liver

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22
Q

What is the ampulla of vater?

A

Where the CBD and pancreatic duct (duct of Wirsung) penetrate the duodenal wall

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23
Q

What is the function of the pancreas?

A

Functions as exocrine organs and produces digestive enzymes, also endocrine organ secretes hormones (insulin)

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24
Q

Where is the pancreas located?

A

Near the lower part of the stomach and the beginning of the small intestine

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25
Q

Where does the pancreas secrete it digestive enzymes, and where does it secrete its hormones?

A

Digestive through a system of ducts into the digestive tract

Hormones are secreted directly into the bloodstream

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26
Q

An abnormal pancreatic function can lead to what?

A

Pancreatitis or diabetes mellitus

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27
Q

What is the function of the spleen?

A

Filter against foreign organisms that infect bloodstream, filters our old red blood cells from bloodstream and recycles them, acts as blood reservoir

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28
Q

What is the minor function of the spleen which is taken over by bone marrow after birth?

A

Manufacturing of red blood cells only toward the end of fetal life and after birth the function is taken over by the bone marrow

29
Q

What is the largest lymph organ in the body and where is it located?

A

The spleen is located posterior to the stomach in the left upper quadrant for the abdomen

30
Q

What are the functions of the stomach?

A

Break down and digest food in order to extract the nutrients from what we eat, stores food so that the meals eaten during the day can provide energy throughout the day, stomach acid aids in digestions as nutrients are absorbed

31
Q

Where is the stomach located?

A

Under the left diaphragm

32
Q

What is the gastroesophageal junction ?

A

Indicates the area where the stomach and esophagus join aka cardiac orifice,esophagogastric junction

33
Q

What level does the stomach extend?

A

T11-L1

34
Q

What is the function of the intestines?

A

Portion of the digestive tract between the stomach and the anus.

35
Q

The small intestines consists of which sections?

A

Duodenum, Jejunum, ileum

36
Q

How long is the small intestine?

A

6meters or 20 feet long

37
Q

What is the function of the intestine?

A

Small intestine secretes hormone called secretin which stimulates the pancreas to produce digestive enzymes

38
Q

The large intestine is divided into 6 sections known as

A

Cecum,ascending colon,transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum

39
Q

What is the large intestine responsible for?

A

Absorption of water and secretions of solid waste material

40
Q

What is the adrenal cortex?

A

The outer portion of the adrenal gland, secretes hormones that include corticosteroid hormones (hydrocortisone,corticosterone, aldosterone, androgenic steroids)

41
Q

What is the adrenal medulla?

A

Inner part of the adrenal gland, not essential to life, helps person cope with physical and emotional stress

42
Q

Which hormones are secreted by the adrenal medulla?

A

Epinephrine, norepinephrine

43
Q

Where are the kidneys located?

A

Near the middle of your back, just below the rib cage

44
Q

What is the function of the kidneys?

A

Process blood and swift out waste products and extra water, which becomes urine

45
Q

What are the nephrons?

A

Tiny units within the kidneys where the actual filtering occurs

46
Q

Where is the glomerulus located and what is it’s function?

A

Located within the nephron, it is a tiny blood vessel, or capillary, intertwined with tiny urine-collecting tubes called tubules

47
Q

Where can you find the abdominal aorta and what does it supply?

A

Passes down the back of the chest and abdomen, supplies blood to the lower part of the body and legs

48
Q

What is the peritoneum and what does it contain?

A

Thin serous membrane that lines the walls of the abdominal cavity, which contains the liver, gallbladder, spleen, stomach, ovaries, and majority of the intestines

49
Q

What are the mesentery?

A

Peritoneal folds that connect certain parts of the intestines with the abdominal wall, hold them into position and also enclose the vessels and nerves feeding each part

50
Q

What is peritonitis?

A

Inflammation of the peritoneal cavity, generally from infection from perforated bowl but also occurs frequently in dialysis patients (CAPD)

51
Q

Where is the Supracolic compartment located?

A

Located above the transverse colon

52
Q

What Is Morisons pouch?

A

Deepest point of the abdominal cavity in a supine patient and is common site for collection of fluid

53
Q

Where is the infracolic compartment?

A

Below the transverse colon

54
Q

The right and left parabolic gutters are located where?

A

Lateral to the ascending and descending colon, the right side if deeper and is another site for free fluid collections

55
Q

What is image reconstruction ?

A

Filters back projection or the summation method; mathematical function used to reconstruct the image

56
Q

What is the purpose of image compression?

A

Speed up transmission and reduce storage requirements

57
Q

What is the difference between lossless;reversible and lossy;irreversible image compression?

A

Lossless; no info lost

Lossy; some info lost

58
Q

What are digitally reconstructed radiographs (DRR’s)

A

Images that are created by reconstruction of the data sets into coronal and Sagittal planes, used later in treatment process to match the patient positions and field to DRR

59
Q

What does the retoperitoneum contain?

A

Kidneys, ureters, adrenal glands, pancreas, duodenum, aorta, inferior vena cava, pelvic structures (bladder, uterus, and prostate gland)

60
Q

At what level are the kidneys located ? Which one lies higher

A

T12-L4,the left kidney commonly lies higher

61
Q

What are the renal cortex, renal medulla responsible for?

A

Cortex filters urine and medulla (pyramids) are the beginning of the collection system

62
Q

What is Gerota’s Facia?

A

Functions to anchor the kidneys to surrounding structures to prevent bumps and jolts to the body from causing injury to the kidneys, also acts as a barrier to limit spread of infection that any arise in the kidneys

63
Q

Function of the ureters?

A

Paired muscular tubes that transport urine to the bladder, originates at the renal pelvis and descends anteriorly and medically to the psoas muscle

64
Q

Adrenal glands function? Location? Characteristics

A

Productions of steroids and epinephrine, located on tops of kidneys separated by perirenal fat

Right adrenal gland lower and V shape
Left adrenal gland triangular or Y shape

65
Q

Where is the pancreas located and what is its function?

A

Lies behind the stomach, extends from duodenum to the spleen, exocrine and endocrine gland

Exocrine function secretes pancreatic juice into small intestine
Endocrine function secretes insulin and glucagons into the blood stream

66
Q

At what level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate?

A

L4, bifurcates into the right and left common iliac arteries

67
Q

Where is the celiac trunk located?

A

Leaves the anterior wall of the aorta just after it passes through the diaphragm

68
Q

At what level is the inferior vena cava formed? What forms it?

A

Formed by the union of the common iliac wins at approx L5

Sectional Anatomy (4 decks)

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