Thorax and Lungs

Question 1

what are the true ribs?

Answer 1

1-7
they attach directly to the sternum

Question 2

what are false ribs?

Answer 2

8-10
they attach indirectly to sternum by costal cartilage

Question 3

what are the floating ribs?

Answer 3

11-12
they don’t attach to sternum at all

Question 4

what ribs are classified as typical ribs and what features do they have?

Answer 4

ribs 3-9
-head
-neck
-tubercle
-angle
-costal groove
-body

Question 5

which ribs are atypical

Answer 5

1,2 and 10-12

Question 6

describe rib 1

Answer 6

-most curved
-widest
-shortest
-single facet on head
-tubercle for scalene muscle
-2 grooves for subclavian vessels
-no costal groove

Question 7

describe rib 2

Answer 7

-less curved
-has tubercle for serratus anterior

Question 8

describe rib 10

Answer 8

single facet on head

Question 9

describe ribs 11 and 12

Answer 9

-single facet on head
-no necks
-no tubercle

Question 10

what borders the superior thoracic aperture

Answer 10

-manubrium anteriorly
-body of T1 posteriorly
-medial margin of rib 1 on each side

Question 11

axillary inlet

Answer 11

-gateway to upper limb
-bordered by:
clavicle anteriorly
superior margin of scapula posteriorly
lateral margin of rib 1 medially

Question 12

what borders the inferior thoracic aperture?

Answer 12

-xiphoid process anteriorly
-body of T12 posteriorly
-costal margin of ribs 7-12 anterolaterally
-rib 12 and the distal end of rib 11 posterolaterally

Question 13

which muscles connect the ribs to each other

Answer 13

external intercostals
internal intercostals
innermost intercostals
subcostals

Question 14

what muscle connect ribs to the sternum

Answer 14

transversus thoracis

Question 15

what muscles connect ribs to vertebrae

Answer 15

serratus posterior superior
serratus posterior inferior
levator costarum

Question 16

which thoracic muscles skip a rib or two?

Answer 16

subcostals

Question 17

-most active during inspiration
-supports intercostal space
-moves ribs superiorly

Answer 17

external intercostal

Question 18

-most active during expiration
-supports intercostal space
-moves ribs inferiorly

Answer 18

internal intercostals

Question 19

what is the function of innermost intercostals?

Answer 19

act with internal intercostals

Question 20

function of subcostals

Answer 20

may depress ribs

Question 21

function of transversus thoracis

Answer 21

depresses costal cartilages

Question 22

what are the nerve roots for the phrenic nerve

Answer 22

C3-C5

Question 23

where is the caval hiatus located

Answer 23

T8

Question 24

where is the esophageal hiatus located

Answer 24

T10

Question 25

where is the aortic hiatus located

Answer 25

T12

Question 26

when does the thoracic aorta become the abdominal aorta

Answer 26

after it passes the diaphragm

Question 27

what posterior intercostal arteries supply the upper two intercostal spaces

Answer 27

costocervical trunk

Question 28

what posterior intercostal arteries supply intercostal spaces 3-9

Answer 28

thoracic aorta

Question 29

what anterior intercostal arteries supply intercostal spaces 1-6

Answer 29

internal thoracic artery

Question 30

what anterior intercostal arteries supply intercostal spaces 7-9

Answer 30

musculophrenic artery

Question 31

what are the veins that drain the back and walls of the thorax and abdomen

Answer 31

azygous, hemi-azygous, accessory hemi-azygous

Question 32

where does the azygous vein empty into

Answer 32

superior vena cava

Question 33

thoracic duct

Answer 33

-lies between aorta and azygous vein -collects lymph from lower body -drains near the junction of internal jugular and subclavian veins

Question 34

what are the 3 subdivisions of the thoracic cavity?

Answer 34

-right pleural cavity -left pleural cavity -mediastinum

Question 35

what is found in the superior mediastinum

Answer 35

thymus brachiocephalic veins, SVC, arch of azygous vein aortic arch ligamentum arteriosum phrenic nerves vagus nerves left recurrent laryngeal nerve cardiac plexus trachea pulmonary plexus esophagus thoracic duct sympathetic trunks

Question 36

what is found in the anterior inferior mediastinum

Answer 36

internal thoracic vessels thymus lymph nodes

Question 37

what is found in the middle inferior mediastinum

Answer 37

pericardial sac and its contents

Question 38

what is found on the posterior inferior mediastinum

Answer 38

esophagus thoracic aorta azygous system of veins thoracic duct and lymph nodes sympathetic trunk thoracic splanchnic nerve

Question 39

parietal pleural

Answer 39

lines the walls of the thoracic cavity

Question 40

visceral pleura

Answer 40

covers the lung surface

Question 41

where is the pleural cavity

Answer 41

between the parietal and visceral pleura

Question 42

what is found in the pleural cavity

Answer 42

a small amount of serous fluid to prevent friction and provide lubrication

Question 43

when do the lungs fill the costodiaphragmatic and costomediastinal recesses

Answer 43

during forced inspiration

Question 44

what is a pneumothorax

Answer 44

-air leaks into the pleural cavity and collapses/compresses the lung -can be partial or complete collapse -caused by blunt or penetrating trauma -chest pain & shortness of breath

Question 45

during inspiration, the visceral pleura will lie....

Answer 45

6th rib on midclavicular line 8th rib midaxillary line 10th rib scapular line

Question 46

during inspiration, the parietal pleura will lie...

Answer 46

8th rib midclavicular line 10th rib midaxillary line 12th rib scapular line

Question 47

thoracocentesis

Answer 47

-withdraw fluid from pleural cavity -costodiaphragmatic recess -done on midaxillary line in the 9th intercostal space

Question 48

where does the trachea begin

Answer 48

level of C6

Question 49

where does the trachea bifurcate

Answer 49

level of T4/T5

Question 50

how many secondary (lobar) bronchi are on the right and left lung

Answer 50

3 on right, 2 on left

Question 51

how many tertiary (segmental) bronchi are on the right and left lung

Answer 51

10 on right, 8 on left

Question 52

how many primary (main) bronchi are on the right and left lung

Answer 52

1 on right, 1 on left

Question 53

which bronchus is more prone to obstruction and why

Answer 53

right bronchus because its shorter, wider, and more vertical

Question 54

what happens at the transverse thoracic plane

Answer 54

-superior mediastinum is separated from inferior mediastinum -trachea bifurcates -ascending aorta ends, aortic arch begins, thoracic aorta begins

Question 55

causes and symptoms of pneumonia

Answer 55

-inflammation of the lung -caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi -cough, fever, chills, fatigue, difficulty breathing

Question 56

what are the main causes of lung cancer

Answer 56

smoking radon air pollution family history