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Fundamentals Block 3 > Thorax and Lungs > Flashcards

Thorax and Lungs Flashcards

1
Q

what are the true ribs?

A

1-7
they attach directly to the sternum

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2
Q

what are false ribs?

A

8-10
they attach indirectly to sternum by costal cartilage

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3
Q

what are the floating ribs?

A

11-12
they don’t attach to sternum at all

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4
Q

what ribs are classified as typical ribs and what features do they have?

A

ribs 3-9
-head
-neck
-tubercle
-angle
-costal groove
-body

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5
Q

which ribs are atypical

A

1,2 and 10-12

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6
Q

describe rib 1

A

-most curved
-widest
-shortest
-single facet on head
-tubercle for scalene muscle
-2 grooves for subclavian vessels
-no costal groove

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7
Q

describe rib 2

A

-less curved
-has tubercle for serratus anterior

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8
Q

describe rib 10

A

single facet on head

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9
Q

describe ribs 11 and 12

A

-single facet on head
-no necks
-no tubercle

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10
Q

what borders the superior thoracic aperture

A

-manubrium anteriorly
-body of T1 posteriorly
-medial margin of rib 1 on each side

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11
Q

axillary inlet

A

-gateway to upper limb
-bordered by:
clavicle anteriorly
superior margin of scapula posteriorly
lateral margin of rib 1 medially

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12
Q

what borders the inferior thoracic aperture?

A

-xiphoid process anteriorly
-body of T12 posteriorly
-costal margin of ribs 7-12 anterolaterally
-rib 12 and the distal end of rib 11 posterolaterally

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13
Q

which muscles connect the ribs to each other

A

external intercostals
internal intercostals
innermost intercostals
subcostals

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14
Q

what muscle connect ribs to the sternum

A

transversus thoracis

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15
Q

what muscles connect ribs to vertebrae

A

serratus posterior superior
serratus posterior inferior
levator costarum

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16
Q

which thoracic muscles skip a rib or two?

A

subcostals

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17
Q

-most active during inspiration
-supports intercostal space
-moves ribs superiorly

A

external intercostal

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18
Q

-most active during expiration
-supports intercostal space
-moves ribs inferiorly

A

internal intercostals

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19
Q

what is the function of innermost intercostals?

A

act with internal intercostals

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20
Q

function of subcostals

A

may depress ribs

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21
Q

function of transversus thoracis

A

depresses costal cartilages

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22
Q

what are the nerve roots for the phrenic nerve

A

C3-C5

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23
Q

where is the caval hiatus located

A

T8

24
Q

where is the esophageal hiatus located

A

T10

25
Q

where is the aortic hiatus located

A

T12

26
Q

when does the thoracic aorta become the abdominal aorta

A

after it passes the diaphragm

27
Q

what posterior intercostal arteries supply the upper two intercostal spaces

A

costocervical trunk

28
Q

what posterior intercostal arteries supply intercostal spaces 3-9

A

thoracic aorta

29
Q

what anterior intercostal arteries supply intercostal spaces 1-6

A

internal thoracic artery

30
Q

what anterior intercostal arteries supply intercostal spaces 7-9

A

musculophrenic artery

31
Q

what are the veins that drain the back and walls of the thorax and abdomen

A

azygous, hemi-azygous, accessory hemi-azygous

32
Q

where does the azygous vein empty into

A

superior vena cava

33
Q

thoracic duct

A

-lies between aorta and azygous vein
-collects lymph from lower body
-drains near the junction of internal jugular and subclavian veins

34
Q

what are the 3 subdivisions of the thoracic cavity?

A

-right pleural cavity
-left pleural cavity
-mediastinum

35
Q

what is found in the superior mediastinum

A

thymus
brachiocephalic veins, SVC, arch of azygous vein
aortic arch
ligamentum arteriosum
phrenic nerves
vagus nerves
left recurrent laryngeal nerve
cardiac plexus
trachea
pulmonary plexus
esophagus
thoracic duct
sympathetic trunks

36
Q

what is found in the anterior inferior mediastinum

A

internal thoracic vessels
thymus
lymph nodes

37
Q

what is found in the middle inferior mediastinum

A

pericardial sac and its contents

38
Q

what is found on the posterior inferior mediastinum

A

esophagus
thoracic aorta
azygous system of veins
thoracic duct and lymph nodes
sympathetic trunk
thoracic splanchnic nerve

39
Q

parietal pleural

A

lines the walls of the thoracic cavity

40
Q

visceral pleura

A

covers the lung surface

41
Q

where is the pleural cavity

A

between the parietal and visceral pleura

42
Q

what is found in the pleural cavity

A

a small amount of serous fluid to prevent friction and provide lubrication

43
Q

when do the lungs fill the costodiaphragmatic and costomediastinal recesses

A

during forced inspiration

44
Q

what is a pneumothorax

A

-air leaks into the pleural cavity and collapses/compresses the lung
-can be partial or complete collapse
-caused by blunt or penetrating trauma
-chest pain & shortness of breath

45
Q

during inspiration, the visceral pleura will lie….

A

6th rib on midclavicular line
8th rib midaxillary line
10th rib scapular line

46
Q

during inspiration, the parietal pleura will lie…

A

8th rib midclavicular line
10th rib midaxillary line
12th rib scapular line

47
Q

thoracocentesis

A

-withdraw fluid from pleural cavity
-costodiaphragmatic recess
-done on midaxillary line in the 9th intercostal space

48
Q

where does the trachea begin

A

level of C6

49
Q

where does the trachea bifurcate

A

level of T4/T5

50
Q

how many secondary (lobar) bronchi are on the right and left lung

A

3 on right, 2 on left

51
Q

how many tertiary (segmental) bronchi are on the right and left lung

A

10 on right, 8 on left

52
Q

how many primary (main) bronchi are on the right and left lung

A

1 on right, 1 on left

53
Q

which bronchus is more prone to obstruction and why

A

right bronchus because its shorter, wider, and more vertical

54
Q

what happens at the transverse thoracic plane

A

-superior mediastinum is separated from inferior mediastinum
-trachea bifurcates
-ascending aorta ends, aortic arch begins, thoracic aorta begins

55
Q

causes and symptoms of pneumonia

A

-inflammation of the lung
-caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi
-cough, fever, chills, fatigue, difficulty breathing

56
Q

what are the main causes of lung cancer

A

smoking
radon
air pollution
family history

Fundamentals Block 3 (15 decks)

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