Thorax and Lungs Flashcards
what are the true ribs?
1-7
they attach directly to the sternum
what are false ribs?
8-10
they attach indirectly to sternum by costal cartilage
what are the floating ribs?
11-12
they don’t attach to sternum at all
what ribs are classified as typical ribs and what features do they have?
ribs 3-9
-head
-neck
-tubercle
-angle
-costal groove
-body
which ribs are atypical
1,2 and 10-12
describe rib 1
-most curved
-widest
-shortest
-single facet on head
-tubercle for scalene muscle
-2 grooves for subclavian vessels
-no costal groove
describe rib 2
-less curved
-has tubercle for serratus anterior
describe rib 10
single facet on head
describe ribs 11 and 12
-single facet on head
-no necks
-no tubercle
what borders the superior thoracic aperture
-manubrium anteriorly
-body of T1 posteriorly
-medial margin of rib 1 on each side
axillary inlet
-gateway to upper limb
-bordered by:
clavicle anteriorly
superior margin of scapula posteriorly
lateral margin of rib 1 medially
what borders the inferior thoracic aperture?
-xiphoid process anteriorly
-body of T12 posteriorly
-costal margin of ribs 7-12 anterolaterally
-rib 12 and the distal end of rib 11 posterolaterally
which muscles connect the ribs to each other
external intercostals
internal intercostals
innermost intercostals
subcostals
what muscle connect ribs to the sternum
transversus thoracis
what muscles connect ribs to vertebrae
serratus posterior superior
serratus posterior inferior
levator costarum
which thoracic muscles skip a rib or two?
subcostals
-most active during inspiration
-supports intercostal space
-moves ribs superiorly
external intercostal
-most active during expiration
-supports intercostal space
-moves ribs inferiorly
internal intercostals
what is the function of innermost intercostals?
act with internal intercostals
function of subcostals
may depress ribs
function of transversus thoracis
depresses costal cartilages
what are the nerve roots for the phrenic nerve
C3-C5
where is the caval hiatus located
T8
where is the esophageal hiatus located
T10
where is the aortic hiatus located
T12
when does the thoracic aorta become the abdominal aorta
after it passes the diaphragm
what posterior intercostal arteries supply the upper two intercostal spaces
costocervical trunk
what posterior intercostal arteries supply intercostal spaces 3-9
thoracic aorta
what anterior intercostal arteries supply intercostal spaces 1-6
internal thoracic artery
what anterior intercostal arteries supply intercostal spaces 7-9
musculophrenic artery
what are the veins that drain the back and walls of the thorax and abdomen
azygous, hemi-azygous, accessory hemi-azygous
where does the azygous vein empty into
superior vena cava
thoracic duct
-lies between aorta and azygous vein
-collects lymph from lower body
-drains near the junction of internal jugular and subclavian veins
what are the 3 subdivisions of the thoracic cavity?
-right pleural cavity
-left pleural cavity
-mediastinum
what is found in the superior mediastinum
thymus
brachiocephalic veins, SVC, arch of azygous vein
aortic arch
ligamentum arteriosum
phrenic nerves
vagus nerves
left recurrent laryngeal nerve
cardiac plexus
trachea
pulmonary plexus
esophagus
thoracic duct
sympathetic trunks
what is found in the anterior inferior mediastinum
internal thoracic vessels
thymus
lymph nodes
what is found in the middle inferior mediastinum
pericardial sac and its contents
what is found on the posterior inferior mediastinum
esophagus
thoracic aorta
azygous system of veins
thoracic duct and lymph nodes
sympathetic trunk
thoracic splanchnic nerve
parietal pleural
lines the walls of the thoracic cavity
visceral pleura
covers the lung surface
where is the pleural cavity
between the parietal and visceral pleura
what is found in the pleural cavity
a small amount of serous fluid to prevent friction and provide lubrication
when do the lungs fill the costodiaphragmatic and costomediastinal recesses
during forced inspiration
what is a pneumothorax
-air leaks into the pleural cavity and collapses/compresses the lung
-can be partial or complete collapse
-caused by blunt or penetrating trauma
-chest pain & shortness of breath
during inspiration, the visceral pleura will lie….
6th rib on midclavicular line
8th rib midaxillary line
10th rib scapular line
during inspiration, the parietal pleura will lie…
8th rib midclavicular line
10th rib midaxillary line
12th rib scapular line
thoracocentesis
-withdraw fluid from pleural cavity
-costodiaphragmatic recess
-done on midaxillary line in the 9th intercostal space
where does the trachea begin
level of C6
where does the trachea bifurcate
level of T4/T5
how many secondary (lobar) bronchi are on the right and left lung
3 on right, 2 on left
how many tertiary (segmental) bronchi are on the right and left lung
10 on right, 8 on left
how many primary (main) bronchi are on the right and left lung
1 on right, 1 on left
which bronchus is more prone to obstruction and why
right bronchus because its shorter, wider, and more vertical
what happens at the transverse thoracic plane
-superior mediastinum is separated from inferior mediastinum
-trachea bifurcates
-ascending aorta ends, aortic arch begins, thoracic aorta begins
causes and symptoms of pneumonia
-inflammation of the lung
-caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi
-cough, fever, chills, fatigue, difficulty breathing
what are the main causes of lung cancer
smoking
radon
air pollution
family history
