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Fundamentals Block 3 > Heart and Thorax Innervation > Flashcards

Heart and Thorax Innervation Flashcards

1
Q

transport blood away from the heart

A

arteries

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2
Q

transport blood toward the heart

A

veins

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3
Q

connect the arteries and veins & are where oxygen, nutrients, and wastes are exchanged within the tissues

A

capillaries

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4
Q

sternopericardial ligaments

A

attach the pericardium to the posterior surface of the sternum

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5
Q

pericardiacophrenic ligaments

A

attach the pericardium to the central tendon of the diaphragm

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6
Q

what attachments help to retain the heart in its position in the thoracic cavity?

A

sternopericardial and pericardiacophrenic ligaments?

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7
Q

what are the functions of the fibrous pericardium?

A

-protection
-stabilizes and limits cardiac distension
-prevents heart from overdilating and over filling with blood

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8
Q

potential space between the layers of serous pericardium

A

pericardial cavity

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9
Q

at what point does the pulmonary trunk divide into the right and left pulmonary arteries

A

at the level of the intervertebral disc between thoracic vertebrae 5 and 6

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10
Q

which division of the aorta lies in the superior mediastinum?

A

the arch of the aorta

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11
Q

what do the right and left pulmonary arteries carry?

A

originate from the pulmonary trunk and carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs from the right ventricle

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12
Q

how many pulmonary veins are their and what do they carry?

A

4 total- 2 on each side
-they carry oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the left atrium

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13
Q

where does the upper limit of the heart reach

A

as high as the third costal cartilage on the right side of the sternum and the second intercostal space on the left side of the sternum

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14
Q

the right margin of the heart extends from…

A

the right third costal cartilage to near the right sixth costal cartilage

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15
Q

the left margin of the heart…

A

descends laterally from the second intercostal space to the apex located near the midclavicular line in the 5th intercostal space

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16
Q

the lower margin of the heart extends from ….

A

the sternal end of the right sixth costal cartilage to the apex in the fifth intercostal space near the midclavicular line

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17
Q

a thickened area of connective tissue between the aortic ring and right atrioventricular ring

A

right fibrous trigone

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18
Q

a thickened area of connective tissue between the aortic ring and the left atrioventricular ring

A

left fibrous trigone

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19
Q

circles the heart, separating the atria from the ventricles

A

coronary sulcus

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20
Q

what is found in the coronary sulcus?

A

right coronary artery
small cardiac vein
coronary sinus
circumflex branch of the left coronary artery

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21
Q

consists of three semilunar cusps with free edges projecting upward into the lumen of the pulmonary trunk

A

pulmonary valve

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22
Q

forms most of the base or posterior surface of the heart

A

left atrium

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23
Q

which chamber of the heart has the thickest layer of myocardium?

A

left ventricle

24
Q

the opening from the left ventricle into the aorta is closed by the ___________________

A

aortic valve

25
what valves do you listen to for heart sounds with a stethoscope?
tricuspid mitral pulmonary aortic
26
heart sound is heard to the left of the lower part of the sternum near the 5th intercostal space
tricuspid valve
27
heart sound is heard over the apex of heart in the left fifth intercostal space at the midclavicular line
mitral valve
28
heart sound is heard over the medial end of the left second intercostal space
pulmonary valve
29
heart sound is heard over the medial end of the right second intercostal space
aortic valve
30
a potentially life-threatening condition resulting from accumulation of fluid in the intrapericardial space, leading to compromised diastolic filling and cardiac output
cardiac tamponade
31
what is the first line treatment of confirmed cardiac tamponade
pericardiocentesis
31
artery that descends vertically between the right atrium and right ventricle
right coronary artery
32
where does the sinu-atrial nodal branch of the right coronary artery run?
in the groove between the right auricle and ascending aorta
33
where would the right marginal branch of the coronary artery be found?
the inferior margin of the heart and continues along the border toward the apex of the heart
34
as the right coronary artery continues on the diaphragmatic surface, it supplies a small branch to the atrioventricular node before giving off the _________________________ branch.
posterior interventricular branch
35
where does the left coronary artery pass through before entering the coronary sulcus?
between the pulmonary trunk and left auricle
36
where is the anterior interventricular branch of the left coronary artery found?
it descends obliquely toward the apex of the heart in the anterior interventricular sulcus
37
what branch of the left coronary artery courses toward the left, in the coronary sulcus and onto the base/diaphragmatic surface of the heart
circumflex branch of the left coronary artery
38
how would you determine if a heart is right dominant?
if the posterior interventricular branch arises from the right coronary artery
39
how would you determine if a heart is left dominant?
the posterior interventricular branch arises from an enlarged circumflex branch
40
where is the sinus (sinoatrial) node located?
between the superior vena cava and right atrium
41
why is the sinoatrial node called the natural pacemaker of the heart?
it generates impulses automatically by spontaneous depolarization of its membrane at a rate quicker than any other cardiac cell type
42
what are the 4 basic components of the conduction system that coordinates contraction of the atrial and ventricular muscles?
-sinoatrial node -atrioventricular node -atrioventricular bundle with its right and left bundle branches -subendocardial plexus of conduction cells (Purkinje fibers)
43
The autonomic division of the peripheral nervous system regulates....
heart rate, force of each contraction, and cardiac output
44
stimulation of the parasympathetic system....
decreases heart rate, reduces force of contraction, and constricts the coronary arteries
45
stimulation of the sympathetic system...
increases heart rate and increases the force of contraction
46
senses alterations in blood pressure and blood chemistry and are therefore primarily concerned with cardiac reflexes
afferents associated with the vagal cardiac nerves
47
defined as a PR interval exceeding 0.2 sec with preserved 1:1 AV conduction relationship
first-degree atrioventricular (AV) block
48
characterized by a failure of one or more, but not all, atrial impulses to conduct the ventricles. sinus rate will continue at regular intervals
second-degree atrioventricular heart block
49
the absence of electrical impulse transmission from the atria to the ventricles when AV junction is not physiologically refractory, due to a functional or anatomical impairment of the conduction system, resulting in a bradycardia characterized by AV dissociation
complete heart block (CHB)
50
the sinus node and the AV node are supplied by the ____________ in about 60-90% of people
right coronary artery
51
disease in the right coronary artery can cause?
sinus bradycardia and AV nodal block
52
Sinus arrhythmia description
variable QRS cycle lengths without change in the P wave-QRS relationship
53
describe normal sinus rhythm with sinus arrhythmia:
the P-P intervals vary by >0.16 sec
54
caused by obstructive coronary atherosclerotic plaque which results in myocardial oxygen demand-supply mismatch
stable coronary heart disease
55
what is the gold standard to definitively diagnose stable coronary heart disease
invasive coronary angiography
56
how does a heart attack occur
when the perfusion to the myocardium is insufficient to meet the metabolic needs of the tissue, leading to irreversible tissue damage -usually a total occlusion of a major coronary artery

Fundamentals Block 3 (15 decks)

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