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thorax anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Thorax inlets and outlet borders:

A
  • Superior thoracic aperture: 1st thoracic vertebra, 1st ribs + costal cartilages, superior border of manubrium.
  • Outlet: Between clavicle and first rib.
  • Inferior thoracic aperture: 12th thoracic vertebra, lower 4 costal cartilages (7-10), ribs 11-12, xiphisternal joint.
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2
Q

what are the 3 facets, where do each articulate with

Facets on thoracic vertebrae (and articulations):

A
  • Body of each vertebrae: superior and inferior facets
    -> superior facet articulates with the head of the rib of the same number
    -> inferior facet articulates with the head of the rib below (one number higher)
  • Transverse process of the vertebrae: costal facet
    -> articulates with the tubercle of the rib of the same number
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3
Q

Atypical thoracic vertebrae:

A

T11-12 have no costal facets on their transverse processes.

typical thoracic vertebrae
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4
Q

rib number what? special characteristics of each atypical rib?

Atypical and typical ribs:

A
  • Atypical: 1, 2, 10, 11, 12
    (can remember as all with numbers 0, 1 and 2 in it)
    -> ribs 1, 10, 11 and 12:
    only has 1 facet, located on head
    => articulate ONLY w/ 1 thoracic vertebrae (same number)
    -> ribs 11 and 12:
    no neck or tubercle,
    do not have anterior attachment to sternum and instead ends freely in abdominal muscles
    (floating ribs)
  • Typical: 3-9
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5
Q

Accessory muscles of ventilation:

identify from picture
A
  • Pectoralis major
  • Serratus anterior
  • Pectoralis minor
  • Subclavius

“PSPS”

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6
Q

Three types of intercostal muscles (and functions + directions):

A

External intercostal, internal intercostal and innermost intercostal.
* EICM: Runs downwards and forwards (i.e. towards steernum),
Elevates ribs
* IICM, INICM: Runs downwards and backwards (i.e. away from ribs),
Depress ribs

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7
Q

Branches of an intercostal nerve:

A

Anterior cutaneous, lateral cutaneous, muscular, collateral.<br></br><br></br><u>CLAM</u>

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8
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9
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10
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11
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12
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<button>Toggle Masks</button>

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<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
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// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
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13
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<button>Toggle Masks</button>

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<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
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// Prevent original image from loading before mask
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var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
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14
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<button>Toggle Masks</button>

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<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
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// Prevent original image from loading before mask
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15
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<button>Toggle Masks</button>

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// Prevent original image from loading before mask
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16
Q

Arterial supply of thoracic cage:

A

Anterior intercostal artery and posterior intercostal artery supplies the cage.<br></br><br></br>AIA arises from <u>internal thoracic</u> artery or <u>musculophrenic</u> artery (terminal branch of ITA). ITA arises from the subclavian artery.<br></br><br></br>First two PIA arises from <u>costocervical trunk</u> of subclavian artery, whilst the other nine directly come from the <u>thoracic aorta</u>. 

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17
Q

Venous drainage of thoracic cage:

A

Anterior intercostal veins drain into the internal thoracic/mammary vein.<br></br><br></br><br></br>Posterior intercostal veins:<br></br><br></br>Uppermost intercostal veins drain directly into the brachiocephalic veins. <br></br><br></br>Left 2-4 posterior intercostal veins come together and form the left superior intercostal vein, which empties into the left brachiocephalic vein.<br></br><br></br>Right 2-4 posterior intercostal veins come together and form the right superior intercostal vein, which empties into the azygos vein. <br></br><br></br>The rest of the posterior intercostal veins eventually drain into the azygos vein.<br></br><br></br><img></img>

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18
Q

Diaphragm innervation:

A

Left and right phrenic nerves, ventral rami of C3-5. 

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19
Q

Where do muscular fibres of diaphragm arise from:

A

Xiphoid process, lower ribs and upper lumbar vertebrae.

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20
Q

Structures passing through opening of diaphragm:

A

T8: Inferior vena cava. <br></br>T10: Oesophagus, vagus nerve.<br></br>T12: Aorta, thoracic duct, azygos vein. <br></br><br></br>VENA CAVA is 8 letters.<br></br>OESOPHAGUS & VAGUS NERVE is 10 letters.<br></br><br></br><img></img>

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21
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22
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23
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if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
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<button>Toggle Masks</button>

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// Prevent original image from loading before mask
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24
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<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
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}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
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A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
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<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
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</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
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}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
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25
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<script>
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var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
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}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
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A

<div></div>

<div>
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<div><img></img></div>
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<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
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<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
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}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
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26
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<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
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27
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
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28
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
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29
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
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30
Q

Reflection of parietal pleura:

A

Starts 2cm above clavicle, and combines at the sternal angle, from 2nd-4th costal cartilage. <br></br><br></br>Left side: Diverges 1cm away at 6th costal cartilage, then meets midclavicular line at 8th costal cartilage, then midaxillary line at 10th costal cartilage, and then paravertebral line at 12th costal cartilage.<br></br><br></br>Right side: Remains behind sternum until 6th costal cartilage, before following the same path as left side. 

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31
Q

Limit of lungs:

A

Upper limits follow the parietal pleura.<br></br><br></br>Lower limits lie <u>two ribs</u> above the parietal pleura. So they meet at midclavicular line at 6th rib, midaxillary at 8th rib, and paravertebral at 10th rib.

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32
Q

Pleura innervation:

A

Parietal pleura innervated by somatic plexuses, which are branches of intercostal and phrenic nerves. <br></br><br></br>Visceral pleura innervated by visceral plexuses, which are autonomic nerves (insensitive to pain).

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33
Q

Positions of root of lungs:

A

Generally, pulmonary vein is inferior, whilst pulmonary artery is superior. The bronchus sits posteriorly to the vessels. <br></br><br></br>Anterior to posterior is: VAB<br></br><br></br><img></img>

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34
Q

Why do foreign bodies mainly get stuck in right bronchus?

A

The right bronchus is wider, shorter and angles more vertically than left.

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35
Q

What are bronchopulmonary segments and how many are there?

A

A bronchopulmonary segment is a region on the lung that has its own neurovascular supply. <br></br><br></br>10 on each lung.

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36
Q

Trachea relations (what structures lie around it):

A

Anterior: Sternum, left brachiocephalic vein, brachiocephalic trunk (artery), left common carotid artery, arch of aorta. <br></br><br></br>Posterior: Oesophagus, left recurrent laryngeal nerve.<br></br><br></br>Left: Arch of aorta, left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery, left vagus and left phrenic nerves.<br></br><br></br>Right: Azygos vein, right vagus nerve.<br></br><br></br>Take note some structures are not shown here:<br></br><img></img>

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37
Q

Position of nerves relative to root of lungs:

A

Phrenic nerves run in front of root of lungs, whilst vagus nerves run behind root of lungs. 

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38
Q

Root of lungs structures:

A

<div> <div> <div> <div>Within each root and located in the hilum are:</div> <div><ul><li>Pulmonary artery</li><li>Two pulmonary veins</li><li>Main bronchus</li><li>Bronchial vessels</li><li>Nerves</li><li>Lymphatics</li></ul><div><br></br></div></div><div>PBPBNL: Two PBs, New Lengths&nbsp;</div> </div> </div> </div>

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39
Q

What structures sit on upper border of rib, clinical significance?

A

Collateral branch of intercostal nerve. <br></br><br></br>When inserting needle into thoracic cavity, must avoid the upper border of ribs.

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40
Q

Neurovascular bundles in rib area run between <span>[…]</span> muscles.

A

Neurovascular bundles in rib area run between <span>internal intercostal muscles and innermost intercostal</span> muscles.<br></br>

<div>
<div>
<div><br></br></div><div><img></img><br></br></div>
</div>
</div>

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41
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
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42
Q

The middle lobe of the right lung corresponds to which ribs?

A

Ribs 4-6

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43
Q

What branches off internal thoracic artery and where does it divide?

A

The ITA divides at the 6th rib into the musculophrenic artery and superior epigastric artery. 

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44
Q

Trachea relation to vertebrae:

A

Begins at C6 and ends around T4-5 (at sternal angle), where it branches to bronchi.

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45
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
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46
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
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47
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
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48
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
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49
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
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50
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
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51
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
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52
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
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53
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
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54
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
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55
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
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56
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
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57
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
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58
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
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59
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
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60
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
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61
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
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62
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
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63
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
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64
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
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65
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
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66
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
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67
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
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68
Q

Horizontal and oblique fissure surface anatomy:

A

Horizontal fissure: Horizontal line from where 4th costal cartilage articulates with sternum. <br></br><br></br>Oblique fissure: Follows 6th rib.

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69
Q

Mediastinum is split into:

A

Superior and inferior: Anterior, middle and posterior. 

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70
Q

Superior mediastinum relation to bones:

A

Superiorly by 1st rib and inferiorly by T4.

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71
Q

Pericardium layers:

A

Outermost layer is fibrous pericardium which is tough and inelastic.<br></br><br></br>Serous pericardium is made up of parietal and visceral pericardium. Parietal sticks to fibrous pericardium, and visceral pericardium lies on the heart. 

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72
Q

What are the borders of heart are formed by?

A

<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>Superior border:
Great vessels (SVC, Aorta, Pulmonary trunk).</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>Right border: Formed
by right atrium.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>Inferior border:
Mainly right ventricle and a bit of left ventricle.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>Left border: Left
ventricle and part of left atrium.</div><div><br></br></div><div>Posterior border: Left atrium.&nbsp;</div>
</div>
</div></div>

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73
Q

Heart sounds:

A

First sound is the mitral valve closing, second sound is the aortic valve closing. 

74
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
75
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
76
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div>The sinoatrial node lies near the upper end of the crista terminalis.</div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div>The sinoatrial node lies near the upper end of the crista terminalis.</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
77
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
78
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
79
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
80
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
81
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
82
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
83
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
84
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
85
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
86
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
87
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
88
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
89
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
90
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
91
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div><div>
<div>
<div>
<div>Moderator band: Conducts cardiac
impulse from right bundle of fibres to the papillary muscles.</div>
</div>
</div></div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div><div>
<div>
<div>
<div>Moderator band: Conducts cardiac
impulse from right bundle of fibres to the papillary muscles.</div>
</div>
</div></div></div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
92
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
93
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
94
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
95
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
96
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
97
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
98
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
99
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
100
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
101
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
102
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
103
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
104
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
105
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
106
Q

Function of chordae tendinae:

A

They tense up when the <u>atrioventricular</u> (mitral/tricuspid) <u>valves</u> are closed, holding the cusps in place, preventing the cusps from inverting and causing backflow of blood into atria. 

107
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
108
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
109
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
110
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div>AKA left anterior descending (LAD) artery</div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div>AKA left anterior descending (LAD) artery</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
111
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
112
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
113
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
114
Q

Coronary dominance:

A

The artery that supplies the Posterior Descending Artery (PDA) or posterior interventricular artery determines the coronary dominance.

115
Q

Posterior descending artery can be supplied by the <span>[…]</span> and/or the <span>[…]</span>. 

A

Posterior descending artery can be supplied by the <span>left circumflex artery</span> and/or the <span>right coronary artery</span>. <br></br>
<br></br><img></img>

116
Q

All cardiac veins drain into the coronary sinus, except the <span>[…]</span>, which drain into the <span>[…]</span> directly. 

A

All cardiac veins drain into the coronary sinus, except the <span>anterior cardiac veins</span>, which drain into the <span>right atrium</span> directly. <br></br>

117
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
118
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
119
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
120
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
121
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
122
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
123
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
124
Q

The <span>[…]</span> vein (a tributary to <span>[…]</span> vein) travels with the <span>anterior interventricular artery/ left anterior descending</span> artery.<br></br><br></br>The <span>[…]</span> vein travels with the <span>left circumflex</span> artery. <br></br><br></br>The <span>[…]</span> vein travels with the <span>posterior descending/ posterior interventricular</span> artery.<br></br><br></br>The <span>[…]</span> vein travels with the <span>marginal branch of the right coronary artery</span>.

A

The <span>anterior interventricular</span> vein (a tributary to <span>great cardiac</span> vein) travels with the <span>anterior interventricular artery/ left anterior descending</span> artery.<br></br><br></br>The <span>great cardiac</span> vein travels with the <span>left circumflex</span> artery. <br></br><br></br>The <span>middle cardiac</span> vein travels with the <span>posterior descending/ posterior interventricular</span> artery.<br></br><br></br>The <span>small cardiac</span> vein travels with the <span>marginal branch of the right coronary artery</span>.<br></br>
<br></br><img></img>

125
Q

The <span>anterior interventricular</span> vein (a tributary to <span>great cardiac</span> vein) travels with the <span>[…]</span> artery.<br></br><br></br>The <span>great cardiac</span> vein travels with the <span>[…]</span> artery. <br></br><br></br>The <span>middle cardiac</span> vein travels with the <span>[…]</span> artery.<br></br><br></br>The <span>small cardiac</span> vein travels with the <span>[…]</span>.

A

The <span>anterior interventricular</span> vein (a tributary to <span>great cardiac</span> vein) travels with the <span>anterior interventricular artery/ left anterior descending</span> artery.<br></br><br></br>The <span>great cardiac</span> vein travels with the <span>left circumflex</span> artery. <br></br><br></br>The <span>middle cardiac</span> vein travels with the <span>posterior descending/ posterior interventricular</span> artery.<br></br><br></br>The <span>small cardiac</span> vein travels with the <span>marginal branch of the right coronary artery</span>.<br></br>
<br></br><img></img>

126
Q

<div>
<div>
<div>The superior vena cava is formed by
union of <span>[...]</span>.</div>
</div>
</div>

A

<div>
<div>
<div>The superior vena cava is formed by
union of <span>left and right brachiocephalic veins</span>.</div>
</div>
</div>

<br></br>

127
Q

The brachiocephalic vein is formed by the union of <span>[…]</span> (same for both sides).

A

The brachiocephalic vein is formed by the union of <span>subclavian and internal jugular vein</span> (same for both sides).<br></br>

128
Q

Both recurrent laryngeal nerves are branches of the <span>[…]</span> (on the respective sides). <br></br><br></br>The left recurrent laryngeal nerve hooks around the <span>[…]</span>. Therefore, it enters the mediastinum. <br></br><br></br>The right recurrent laryngeal nerve hooks around the <span>[…]</span>. Therefore, it does not enter the mediastinum. 

A

Both recurrent laryngeal nerves are branches of the <span>vagus nerve</span> (on the respective sides). <br></br><br></br>The left recurrent laryngeal nerve hooks around the <span>arch of aorta</span>. Therefore, it enters the mediastinum. <br></br><br></br>The right recurrent laryngeal nerve hooks around the <span>right subclavian artery</span>. Therefore, it does not enter the mediastinum. <br></br>

129
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
130
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
131
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
132
Q

In coronary circulation, which veins drain into the coronary sinus?

A

<ol><li>Posterior cardiac vein.</li><li>Small cardiac vein.</li><li>Middle cardiac vein.</li><li>Great cardiac vein.</li></ol>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><u>P</u>90&nbsp;<u>SMG</u><br></br></div>

133
Q

The septomarginal trabecula/moderator band functions by <span>[…]</span>. It is found only in the <span>[…]</span>. 

A

The septomarginal trabecula/moderator band functions by <span>conducting cardiac
impulses from right bundle of fibres to the papillary muscles</span>. It is found only in the <span>right ventricle</span>. <br></br>

134
Q

Contents of superior mediastinum:

A

Arteries: Aortic arch.<br></br><br></br>Veins: Superior vena cava, brachiocephalic veins.<br></br><br></br>Nerves: Vagus, phrenic, left recurrent laryngeal nerves.<br></br><br></br>Others: Thoracic duct.<br></br><br></br>Organs: Thymus, trachea, oesophagus. 

135
Q

Contents of anterior mediastinum:

A

<u>May</u> contain part of thymus in infants and children. As thymus shrinks with age, the thymus recedes and no longer occupies anterior mediastinum in adults. 

136
Q

Contents of middle mediastinum:

A

Arteries: Ascending aorta, pulmonary arteries.<br></br><br></br>Veins: SVC, right and left pulmonary veins.<br></br><br></br>Nerves: Right and left phrenic nerves, cardiac plexuses.<br></br><br></br>Others: Lymph nodes.<br></br><br></br>Organs: Heart with pericardium.

137
Q

Contents of posterior mediastinum:

A

Arteries: Thoracic aorta.<br></br><br></br>Veins: Azygos vein.<br></br><br></br>Nerves: Sympathetic chain and trunk.<br></br><br></br>Others: Thoracic duct.<br></br><br></br>Organs: Oesophagus.

138
Q

The oesophagus is continuous from the <span>[organ]</span> at <span>[…]</span>.<br></br><br></br>It pierces the diaphragm at <span>[…]</span>, joining with the stomach. 

A

The oesophagus is continuous from the <span>pharynx</span> at <span>C6</span>.<br></br><br></br>It pierces the diaphragm at <span>T10</span>, joining with the stomach. <br></br>

139
Q

The arch of aorta begins to the <span>[L/R]</span> of the <span>[…]</span> (<span>[vertebral level]</span>), curves upward and back down, moving towards the <span>[…]</span>, ending anterior to the <span>[…]</span> vertebra.

A

The arch of aorta begins to the <span>left</span> of the <span>sternal angle</span> (<span>T4</span>), curves upward and back down, moving towards the <span>midline</span>, ending anterior to the <span>T4</span> vertebra.<br></br>

140
Q

Branches of ascending aorta:

A

Left and right coronary arteries.

141
Q

Branches of aortic arch:

A

Brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid, left subclavian arteries.

142
Q

Branches of descending aorta:

A

Posterior intercostal, oesophageal, subcostal (below 12th rib), bronchial, pericardial, mediastinal arteries.<br></br><br></br>POSB PM

143
Q

<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>Thoracic duct drains
all lymph from the body except those coming from the <span>[...]</span>.</div>
</div>
</div></div>

A

<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>Thoracic duct drains
all lymph from the body except those coming from the <span>right side of chest, right
upper limb, and right side of head and neck</span>.</div>
</div>
</div></div>

<br></br>
<br></br><img></img>

144
Q

The thoracic duct drains into the venous angle near the union of the <span>[…]</span>. 

A

The thoracic duct drains into the venous angle near the union of the <span>left internal jugular vein and left subclavian vein</span>. <br></br>

145
Q

Thoracic duct course:

A

Originates from the <u>cisterna chyli</u> in the abdomen, ascends through aortic opening at <u>T12</u>.<br></br><br></br>In posterior mediastinum, thoracic duct lies <u>between</u> the azygos vein and thoracic aorta. <br></br><br></br>At the level of the sternal angle (T4/5), the duct crosses <u>to the left</u> and lies <u>posterior to the oesophagus</u>, ascending into the superior mediastinum and draining into the venous angle. <br></br><br></br><img></img>

146
Q

Constrictions of the oesophagus:

A

<ol><li><u>C6</u>: At the junction between the pharynx and the oesophagus.&nbsp;</li><li><u>Sternal angle</u>&nbsp;(<u>T4</u>): Where the arch of aorta crosses to the left of the oesophagus. It is constricted by the aortic arch and the left main bronchus.</li><li><u>T10</u>: Oesophageal hiatus when oesophagus pierces the diaphragm.</li></ol>

<div><br></br></div>

<div><img></img><br></br></div>

147
Q

<div>Auscultation</div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
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    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div>Auscultation</div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>

<div>
<div>Remarks</div>Right upper sternal border (to the right and slightly below the sternal angle)
</div>




</div>
</div>

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    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
148
Q

<div>Auscultation</div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
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aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
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if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div>Auscultation</div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>

<div>
<div>Remarks</div>Left upper sternal border (to the left and slightly below the sternal angle)
</div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
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  else
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// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
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    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
149
Q

<div>Auscultation</div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
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    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div>Auscultation</div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>

<div>
<div>Remarks</div>4th left intercostal space; right at the lower border of sternum
</div>




</div>
</div>

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// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
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    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
150
Q

<div>Auscultation</div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div>Auscultation</div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>

<div>
<div>Remarks</div>5th left intercostal space at mid-clavicular line
</div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
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    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
151
Q

The left anterior descending artery supplies the <span>[…]</span> and <span>[…]</span>, <span>[quantity]</span> of the <span>[…]</span>, and <span>[…]</span>. 

A

The left anterior descending artery supplies the <span>left</span> and <span>right ventricles</span>, <span>2/3</span> of the <span>interventricular septum</span>, and <span>AV bundle</span>. <br></br>

152
Q

The left circumflex artery supplies the <span>[…]</span> and <span>[…]</span>. 

A

The left circumflex artery supplies the <span>left atrium</span> and <span>left ventricle</span>. <br></br>

153
Q

The right coronary artery supplies the <span>[…]</span> and <span>[…]</span>. 

A

The right coronary artery supplies the <span>right atrium</span> and <span>right ventricle</span>. <br></br>

154
Q

The right marginal branch of the right coronary artery supplies the <span>[…]</span>. 

A

The right marginal branch of the right coronary artery supplies the <span>right ventricle</span>. <br></br>

155
Q

The posterior descending artery supplies the <span>[…]</span> of the <span>[…]</span>, and <span>[…]</span> portions of the <span>[part of heart]</span>.

A

The posterior descending artery supplies the <span>posterior 1/3</span> of the <span>interventricular septum</span>, and <span>adjacent</span> portions of the <span>ventricles</span>.<br></br>

156
Q

What is an end artery?

A

An artery that is the only supply of oxygenated blood to a part of a tissue.

157
Q

Visceral heart pain:

A

In a heart block, the cardiac plexus afferent fibres transmits signals to the spinal cord, which is in close proximity to somatic afferent fibres supplying the T1-T4/5 dermatomes. <br></br><br></br>Therefore, the T1-T4/5 regions (upper left arm) will feel pain if there is something occluded in the heart.

158
Q

<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>The cardiac plexus consists of a superficial part,&nbsp;<span>[...]</span>. It also consists of a deep part, <span>[...]</span>.&nbsp;</div>
</div>
</div>
</div></div>

A

<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>The cardiac plexus consists of a superficial part,&nbsp;<span>inferior
to the aortic arch and between it and the pulmonary trunk</span>. It also consists of a deep part, <span>between the aortic arch and
the tracheal bifurcation</span>.&nbsp;</div>
</div>
</div>
</div></div>

<br></br>
<br></br><img></img>

159
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
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    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
160
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
161
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
162
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
163
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
164
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
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    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
165
Q

The posterior mediastinal lymph nodes receive lymph from:

A

Posterior intercostal spaces, posterior aspect of pericardium, posterior surface of diaphragm, and oesophagus.

166
Q

Nerve supply to pericardium (name of nerves and functions):

A

Phrenic nerves (sensory), sympathetic nerves (vasomotor), vagus nerve (function uncertain).

167
Q

Parietal pleura referred pain:

A

Costal and peripheral parts of the pleura are referred along <u>intercostal nerves</u> to thorax and abdominal wall.<br></br><br></br>Mediastinal and central parts of the pleura are referred along <u>phrenic nerves</u> to C3-5 (root of neck and top part of shoulder). 

168
Q

What is the triangle of safety? Borders and significance:

A

Lateral edge of pectoralis major, lateral edge of latissimus dorsi, <u>5th</u> intercostal space (generally nipple level). <br></br><br></br>It is where an incision is made to insert a chest tube. Remember, incision is made above upper border to prevent damage to collateral branches.<br></br><br></br><br></br><img></img>

169
Q

Does visceral pleura line the horizontal and oblique fissures of the lung?

170
Q

Simple description of blood flow to kidneys:

A

<ul><li>Aorta</li><li>Renal arteries&nbsp;</li><li>Segmental arteries (5 per kidney; poor anastomosis).</li><li>Interlobar arteries</li><li>Arcuate arteries</li><li>Cortical radiate arteries</li><li>Afferent arterioles, glomerulus, efferent arterioles, peritubular capillaries/vasa recta.</li><li>Cortical radiate veins</li><li>Arcuate veins</li><li>Interlobar veins (no segmental veins)</li><li>Renal vein</li><li>IVC</li></ul>

<br></br><img></img><br></br>

171
Q

<div>The phrenic nerve supplies the mediastinal and central <span>[...]</span>, the <span>[...]</span> pericardium, the <span>[...]</span> layer of <span>[...]</span> pericardium, and the <span>[...]</span>.</div>

A

<div>The phrenic nerve supplies the mediastinal and central <span>parietal pleura</span>, the <span>fibrous</span> pericardium, the <span>parietal</span> layer of <span>serous</span> pericardium, and the <span>diaphragm</span>.</div>

<br></br>

172
Q

Which part of the heart forms the surfaces of the heart? (Different from borders)

A

<ul><li>Anterior (or sternocostal)&nbsp;– Right ventricle.</li></ul>

<ul><li>Posterior (or base)&nbsp;– Left atrium.</li></ul>

<ul><li>Inferior (or diaphragmatic)&nbsp;–&nbsp;Left and right ventricles.</li></ul>

<ul><li>Right&nbsp;– Right atrium.</li></ul>

<ul><li>Left&nbsp;– Left ventricle.</li></ul>

173
Q

<div>Thoracic sympathetic ganglia</div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
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    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div>Thoracic sympathetic ganglia</div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
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} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
174
Q

<div>Thoracic sympathetic ganglia</div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
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if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div>Thoracic sympathetic ganglia</div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

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  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
175
Q

The azygos vein drains into the SVC at <span>[vertebral level]</span>.

A

The azygos vein drains into the SVC at <span>T4</span>.<br></br>

176
Q

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aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
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    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

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<button>Toggle Masks</button>

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<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
177
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
178
Q

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<div></div>

<script>
// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
A

<div></div>

<div>
<div><img></img></div>
<div><img></img></div>
</div>

<button>Toggle Masks</button>

<div>
<div>




</div>
</div>

<script>
// Toggle answer mask on clicking the image
var toggle = function() {
  var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay');
  if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '')
    amask.style.display = 'none';
  else
    amask.style.display = 'block'
}

// Prevent original image from loading before mask
aFade = 50, qFade = 0;
var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img');
function loaded() {
    var original = document.querySelector('#io-original');
    original.style.visibility = "visible";
}
if (mask === null || mask.complete) {
    loaded();
} else {
    mask.addEventListener('load', loaded);
}
</script>
179
Q

Arrangement of neurovascular structures on 1st rib:

A

Scalene tubercle separates two grooves for subclavian artery and vein.<br></br><br></br>Subclavian vein is <u>anterior</u> to subclavian artery.<br></br><br></br>Scalenus anterior muscle attaches to scalene tubercle, separating the subclavian artery and vein. <br></br><br></br>Recall that brachial plexus is <u>sandwiched</u> between scalenus anterior and scalenus medius. Therefore, the brachial plexus lies <u>with the subclavian artery</u>. <br></br><br></br><br></br><img></img>

180
Q

<span>Lower</span> ribs are more involved in <span>[…]</span> movement, increasing <span>transverse</span> diameter.<br></br><br></br><span>Upper</span> ribs are more involved in <span>[…]</span> movement, increasing <span>antero-posterior</span> diameter.

A

<span>Lower</span> ribs are more involved in <span>bucket handle</span> movement, increasing <span>transverse</span> diameter.<br></br><br></br><span>Upper</span> ribs are more involved in <span>pump handle</span> movement, increasing <span>antero-posterior</span> diameter.<br></br>
<br></br><img></img>

181
Q

<span>[…]</span> ribs are more involved in <span>bucket handle</span> movement, increasing <span>[…]</span> diameter.<br></br><br></br><span>[…]</span> ribs are more involved in <span>pump handle</span> movement, increasing <span>[…]</span> diameter.

A

<span>Lower</span> ribs are more involved in <span>bucket handle</span> movement, increasing <span>transverse</span> diameter.<br></br><br></br><span>Upper</span> ribs are more involved in <span>pump handle</span> movement, increasing <span>antero-posterior</span> diameter.<br></br>
<br></br><img></img>

med (14 decks)

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