Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CS6 > Thorax & Abdomen > Flashcards

Thorax & Abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

What are the dermatomes for the back and abdomen

A

Cebra position starting at T2 under clavicle

T5 nipples

T8 inferior angle scapula

T9 umbilicus

T12 ASIS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the cutaneous nerve supply to the Abdomen?

A
  1. Supraclavicular N. - above clavicle
  2. Anterior cutaneous Intercostal N - anterior chest & abs
  3. Lateral cutaneous Intercostal N - lateral chest to hip
  4. Illiohypogastric
    • Lateral cutaneus - above illiac crest
    • Anterior cutaneus - top bikini line
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the musculoskeletal common conditions affecting the trunk?

A
  • •Muscle strains
  • •Referred neck pain
  • •Scheuermann’s Disease
  • •Rib #
  • •Vertebral #
  • •Thoracic discogenic pain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the pain referral pattern from a CT/ CV sprain?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the Cx disc pain referral pattern to the Tx

A

Medial border of the scapula and upper traps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is Scheuermann’s disease?

A
  • •Characterised by vertebral endplate irregularities of 3+ adjacent vertebral bodies
    • Usually in the Tx spine, but can also affect T/L junction
  • Aetiology:
    • Poorly understood - Hereditary component?
    • Abnormal vertebral endplate ossification
    • Disproportionate vertebral body growth resulting in anterior wedging
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the clinical presentation of Scheuerman’s disease?

A
  • •Most commonly diagnosed age 12-17
  • •M:F ratio - 2:1
  • •Subacute thoracic pain, no inciting event
  • •Agg. by activity, rel. with rest
  • •Some cases asymptomatic
  • •Increasing thoracic kyphosis
  • •Cervical &/or Lumbar hyperlordosis; +/- Scoliosis
  • •Tight hamstrings
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the management for Scheuermann’s?

A

lifestyle modification

bracing

surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Serious Trunk disorders not to be missed

A
  1. Cardiovascular
    • •Angina
    • •Myocardial infarction
    • •Aortic dissection
  2. Neoplasia
    • •Most common malignancies that metastasise to the spine?
    • •Primary tumours that develop in the spine?
  3. Severe infections
  4. •Osteomyelitis, tuberculosis
  5. Pneumothorax
    • traumatic (iatrogenic) pneumothorax
    • primary (no underlying condition)
    • secondary (lung disease)
  6. Osteoporosis
    • Primary (age and menopause)
    • Secondary (disease or condition)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the pharmacological management for osteoporosis?

A

hormone replacement therapies

antiresorptive drugs (target osteoblast to prevent calcium breakdown)

Monoclonal antibody therapy (inhibits sclerostin to increase bone formation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the red flags for thoracic pain?

A
  1. FRACTURE POINTER
    • •Major trauma
    • •Minor trauma:
    • •Osteoporosis
    • •Female >50 years
    • •Male > 60 years
  2. MALIGNANCY POINTER
    • •Age >50
    • •Past history of malignancy
    • •Unexplained weight loss, fever, malaise
    • •Pain at rest, Constant pain, Night pain
    • •Unresponsive to treatment
  3. OTHER SERIOUS CONDITIONS
    • •Chest pain/heaviness
    • •Shortness of breath, cough
  4. INFECTION POINTER
    • •Fever
    • •Night sweats
    • •Risk factors for infection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Other thoracic conditions often missed

A

Gastrointestinal

  • Gord
  • gastritis
  • reflux
  • oesophageal pain
  • gastric ulcers

Costochondritis

Rheumatological

  • •Spondyloarthropathies
  • •Fibromyalgia
  • Polymyalgia rheumatica
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the red flags for abdominal pain ?

A
  • •Fever
  • •Collapse at toilet
  • •Ischaemic heat disease
  • •Pallor and sweating
  • •Progressive vomiting, pain, distension•
  • •Menstrual abnormalities
  • •Atrial fibrillation
  • •Rebound tenderness & guarding
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the common acute abdominal pain conditions?

A

ACUTE ABDOMINAL PAIN

  • •Acute gastroenteritis
  • •Acute appendicitis
  • •Painful ovulation/dysmenorrhoea
  • •Irritable bowel syndrome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the common chronic abdominal pain conditions?

A

CHRONIC ABDOMINAL PAIN

  • •Irritable bowel syndrome
  • •Painful ovulation/dysmenorrhea
  • •Peptic ulcer/gastritis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What causes acute gastritis?

A

Salmonela

e.coli

H.pilori

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How to manage gastritis?

A

Hydrolites

allow for diarrhea to take its course

24-72h before going back to work

prevent transmission of gastro

hand sanitation

18
Q

What causes appendicitis

A

Fecalite - poo stone

foreign object

19
Q

what is the clinical presentation of appendicitis

A

rebound tendernes RLQ

hop

Mc. Burney’s point

fever chills

nausea

20
Q

What is the management of appendicitis

A

surgical removal

21
Q

what are the causes of peptic ulcer?

A

h.pylori

alcohol

Nsaid

smoking

22
Q

What is the clinical presentation of peptic ulcer?

A

Pain aggravated/ relieved by eating

dyspepsia (discomfort, distention, belching)

23
Q

what is the management of peptic ulcer?

A

antibiotic for H. pylori - if confirmed by gastroscopy

quadruple therapy

Urea breath test

24
Q

What are the causes of IBS?

A

autoimmune

diet (cholesterol, sugar)

Microbiome

dysfunction of autonomic system (stress)

25
Q

How to diagnose IBS?

A

diagnosis of exclusion

rule out

  • tumour
  • peptic ulcer
26
Q

What is the management for IBS?

A

Walking - activity

Increase water and fibre intake

Probiotics

Drugs- stop

Manual treatment: walking the stool, raise legs for poop

27
Q

What are the causes of Painful ovulation?

A

polycystic ovaries

endometriosis

fibroids

pelvic inflammatory disease

28
Q

What are the serious disorders of the abdomen?

A
  1. Cardiovascular
    • •Angina, myocardial infarction
    • •AAA
    • •Mesenteric artery ischemia
  2. Neoplasia
    • •Bowel/Stomach cancer
    • •Ovarian tumors & cysts
  3. Severe infections
    • •Hepatitis
    • •Pelvic inflammatory disease
  4. Ectopic pregnancy
29
Q

Other disorders that affect the abdomen?

A

Acute appendicitis

Myofascial tear

Herpes zoster

Constipation

Psychogenic

Adhesions

Food allergies

Endometriosis

Diverticulitis

Inflammatory bowel disease

Myofascial tear

Abdominal hernia

Referred pain from thoracic spine

30
Q

What is a side strain?

A
  • Commonly reported in athletes requiring repetitive, unilateral and explosive trunk motion
  • Usually a tear of IO, esp. at rib or costal cartilage attachment
  • •Acute inflammation +/- haemorrhage
  • •Acute pain and focal tenderness at costal margin
  • •Reproduced by movements consistent with mechanism of injury:
  • •Trunk lateral flexion, shoulder adduction
  • •Agg. with deep breathing, coughing, rolling over in bed
31
Q

What are the locations for hernias?

A

Inguinal hernia

Umbilical

Esophageal Hiatus

32
Q

Clinical presentation of Myocardial Ischaemia?

A

Age>35

Pain: retro/parasternal, jaw, neck, inner arm, epigastrium, inner scapular

Quality of pain: Constricting, burning (clenched fist)

Aggravated: activity, food, stress, cold

Relieved: rest, glycerin

Hx: HBP, Obesity, smoking, dyspnea, nausea, sweating, pallor, fatigue

33
Q

Clinical presentation of Referred Thoracic pain

A

Age 20-40

Pain: spinal, paraspinal, chest, substernal, illiac crest

Quality of pain: Dull, aching, sharp,

Aggravated: deep inspiration, poor posture, sleeping

Relief: Lying supine, erect spine

Hx: trauma, poor posture (office workers)

34
Q

There are three views for thoracic X-ray

A
  • AP: SHows scoliosis
  • Lateral: vertebral fracture, shaumans, alligment of PLL ALL ligs
  • Rib:
35
Q

What is the management of a crush fracture

A
  • • Most VCF are managed conservatively with medication for pain relief and rest.
  • Manual therapy and exercise
  • Falls prevention, strength based training.
  • Bracing
  • If complications – surgery – stabilisation.
36
Q

What is the management for scoliosis?

A

Non- surgical intervention

  • Specific evidence based physical therapy
  • SEAS - Scientific Exercises Approach to Scoliosis
  • Schroth method
  • Bracing – in a curve greater than 250 used with excercises
  • Surgery
  • Growing rods
37
Q

Management for Scheuermann’s?

A

M>F – usually with a family history

Ages 10-15

Presents with stiffness and deformity

Management

  • Schroth method
  • Physical therapy – including Osteo!!
  • Extension sports – gymnastics, swimming
  • Bracing
  • Surgery – only in very
  • severe – curve >800
38
Q

WHat is the clinical presentation of herpes zoster?

A

stabbing and burning sensation in the spine

rash to one side or at the face

39
Q

What is the treatment for herpes zoster?

A

Antiviral drugs.

40
Q
A

CS6 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions