Thorax/Abdomen Flashcards
Position of heart
Palpation:
1) Approximately the size of the fist and on an angle from left hip to right shoulder.
2) Slightly across the midline, more towards the left.
3) On the left, spans the 2-5 intercostal rib spaces. On right, spand 3-6 rib spaces. One finger on the right is where it is located.
4) The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the right ventricle. The right ventricle pumps the oxygen-poor blood to the lungs. The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle. Then goes into the systemic circuit.
Position of lungs and pleura
Palpation: along ribs.
1) Begin by outlining the paraital plaura, which extends from around 2-3cm above the clavical, to the 10th rib. Posteriorly it goes all the way down to the 12th rib before making a vertical line inwards. There is space on the left for the heart, which is around the 4-6th rib.
2) The lungs follow a similar line to the pleura, however stop short to allow space, on the posterior its about the 10th-8th rib, and anteriorly, its around the 6th rib where they extend.
3) The space between the pleura and the lungs allows the latter to expand and take in air, which is possible due to creating a difference in the air pressure, where it is less than, and pulls air in. Diaphram muscle.
Spinous process of c7
Palpation: Count down from top and ask to move head.
1) Vertebre are irregular bones that are located in the spine.
2) C refers to cervical region of the spine which allows for head and neck movement, as well as support the head.
3) Other types of the spine are thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccyx.
4) Differs from these types by having transverse processes for the veterbral vein and artery to pass through, and bifocated spinous processes.
Sternum: manubrium, angle, body, xiphoid, sternoclavicular joints
Palpation: Begin at the clavical, feel the joint, feel along manubrium until the angle, then the body until reaching the xiphoid.
1) Sternum is a flat bone, which helps protect the lungs, heart and major blood vessels.
2) Manibrium attatches to the clavical and with the first ribs via a cartilage joint. Synovial joints to the rest of the manubrium, ribs 2-7.
3) 2nd rib comes from angle,
4) Xiphoid process at the bottom, majour attatchment site for the diaphram and rectus abdomilus.
Erector spinae
Palpation:
1) Bilateral group of muscles.
2) Includes longissimus, iliocostalis, and spinalis
3) Lumbar faccia at the bottom which serves as an attatchment site.
4) The three muscles all have multiple fibres, that all continuously overlap and
Internal oblique
Palpation:
O: inguinal ligament, iliac crest
I: ribs 8-12, rectus sheath
A: compresses abdomen, flexes trunk (bilateral) rotates trunk (unilateral)
N: lower intercostal nerves
External oblique
Palpation:
O ribs 5-12
I illiac crest and pubic tubercle
A compresses abdomen, flexes trunk (bilateral) rotates trunk (unilateral)
N intercostal
Rectus abdominis
Palpation: Along abs
Superficial
O:pubis
I:costal cartilage ribs 5-7, xiphoid
A Trunk Flexion
N:thoracic spinal nerves T7-T12
Transversus abdominis
Palpation: no palpation, along abdomon.
O inguinal ligament, costal cartilages 7-12, the iliac crest and thoracolumbar fascia.
I conjoint tendon, xiphoid process, linea alba and the pubic crest.
A create abdominal pressure by supressing the abdomen.
I lowerintercostal, illiolingual.
Location of pelvic floor (show this on the skeleton)
Palpation:
1) Group of muscles that control the openings of the urethra, anus, and for females the vagina. Also controls the pressure.
2) Consists of levator ani and coccugeus. Levator ani is a group of three muscles, puborectialis, pubococcygeus, and iliococcygeus.
3) Coccygeous, whilst does not create sphinctors, which tighten the enrances to not allow substances through, it support muscles sitting inside the pelvis.
