Lower Limb

Question 1

Quadriceps

Answer 1

Palpation:

1) Group of anterior muscles of the thigh.
2) Consists of vastas medialis, intermedialis and lateralis. On top site rectus femoris.
3) Only rectus femoris origionates from the hip, meaning it can extend it, whilst everything else can flex the knee.
4) The rest origionate from different spots within the femur. All are innervated by the femoral nerve.

Question 2

Semitendinosus

Answer 2

Palpation: Posterior in the middle

O: ischial tuberosity
I: medial condyle of tibia
A: knee flexion, hip extension
N: Sciatic

Question 3

Semimembranosus

Answer 3

Palpation: Posterior, most medial

O: ischial tuberosity
I: medial condyle of tibia
A: knee flexion, hip extension
N: Sciatic

Question 4

Biceps femoris

Answer 4

Palpation: Posterior, most lateral.

O: long head - ischial tuberosity
short head - linea aspera
I: head of fibula
A: knee flexion, hip extension
N: long head/tibial portion - sciatic
short head - common fibular

Question 5

Tibialis anterior

Answer 5

Palpation: Lateral side of leg.

O:lateral condyle & superior shaft tibia, interosseus membrane
I: inferior surface medial cunieform & base 1st metatarsal
A:dorsiflexion & inversion ankle
N:Deep Fibular (L4, L5)

Question 6

Extensor digitorum longus

Answer 6

Palpation: Extend feet.

O:tibia – lateral condyle, fibula – superior medial surface,
interosseus membrane
I: middle & distal phalanges 2nd to 5th toes
A:ankle dorsiflexion and extension 2nd to 5th toes
N:Deep Fibular (L4, L5)

Question 7

Extensor hallucis longus

Answer 7

Palpation: extend big toe.

O: fibula –anterior surface, interosseus membrane
I: base of distal phalanx of hallux
A: dorsiflexion of ankle, extension of hallux
N: Deep Fibular (L5, S1)

Question 8

Fibularis longus

Answer 8

Palpation: Medial side of the leg

O: fibula – head & upper lateral surface
I: base 1st metatarsal & medial cuneiform
A: ankle eversion
N: superficial fibular
(L5, S1, S2)

Question 9

Fibularis brevis

Answer 9

Palpation: Medial but lower that longus.

O: fibula – inferior lateral surface
I: base 5th metatarsal
A: ankle eversion
N: superficial Fibular
(L5, S1, S2)

Question 10

Gastrocnemius

Answer 10

Palpation: plantarflex ankle and is the big muscle belly underneeth.

O:Lateral head: lateral condyle of femur
Medial head: medial condyle of femur
I:calcaneus via calcaneal tendon
A:ankle plantarflexion, knee flexion
N:Tibial (S1,S2)

Question 11

Soleus

Answer 11

Palpation: underneeth gastropnemuis

O:Tibia – upper posterior/medial
Fibula – posterior, superior
I:Calcaneus via calcaneal tendon
A:Plantarflexion
N:Tibial (S1,S2)

Question 12

Patella

Answer 12

Palpation: Knee cap

1) Is a seasomoid bone.
2) Protects the knee and allows muscles to attach to the tibia, which increases its ability to extend the knee
3) Help in place proximally, by the quadriceps tendon, and laterally by the patella tendon.

Question 13

Greater trochanter

Answer 13

Palpation: Outside of hip

1) Located on the femur, which is the longest bone in the body. Classed as a long bone.
2) Serves as an attachment site for gluteus medialis and minimus, and piraformus. These can abduct and internally and externally rotate the hip.

Question 14

Tibial tuberosity

Answer 14

Palpation: Two fingers under patella

1) Portusion on the tibia bone, inferior to the patella.
2) The patella tendon attatches here. Helps with the quadriceps attendon, which attaches to the patella.
3) TALK ABOUT TIBIA, FIBULAR, JOINTS ETC.

Question 15

Lateral tibial condyle or Gerdy’s tubercle

Answer 15

Palpation: Find patella, tibial tuberosity then feel more lateral until finding a bump.

1) Found on the tibia, the strongest of the two bones in the leg.
2) Attatchment for biceps femoris muscle, and the iliotibular tract.
3) This is a think band of facia that origionates from the ilium and inserts onto the tubercle.
4) Has no attatchments on the femur, and can move anterior or posterior as the knee extends and flexes.

Question 16

Head of fibula

Answer 16

Palpation: Take 2 fingers and press behind posteriorly.

1) Located on the fibula, the smaller bone of the two leg bones, but still provides support.
2) Attachment of biceps femoris occurs here.
3) Near the proximal tibiofibular joint, which is a synovial joint. The lateral is also synovial, but connects with the talus bone to form the talocrural joint, which is a hinge.

Question 17

Medial malleolus

Answer 17

Palpation: Medial side of the leg.

1) Located on the tibia bone.
Bony prominence/structure found on the medial aspect of the human ankle
2) Medial ligament attaches to the medial malleolus
3) Flexor digitorum longus inserts to the medial malleolus
4) Held together by tibia and fibula bone, especially the tibia bone as the tibia bone is on the medial aspect

Question 18

Lateral malleolus

Answer 18

Palpation: On the lateral side of the leg.

1) Located on the fibula.
2) Forms the lateral wall of the talocrural joint and reinforces the ankle joint.
3) Reinforces with the talus bone = forming the lateral wall of the talus bone
4) 3 ligaments = posterior/anterior talofibular ligament that attach to the talus , Calcaneofibular ligament that attach to the calcaneus

Question 19

Cuboid

Answer 19

Palpation:

1) Provide stability of the foot and movement of toes
2) Ensuring proper weight distribution and flexibility along the plantar fascia that runs along the sole of the foot.
3) This bone is cube-shaped and connects the foot and the ankle.
4) It also provides stability to the foot.
5) The tibialis posterior inserts to the under surface of the cuboid bone.

Question 20

Calcaneous

Answer 20

Palpation: Heel of foot

1) Forms the foundation of the rear part of the foot.
2) Connects with the talus and cuboid bones = connection between the talus and calcaneus forms subtalar joint.
3) The calcaneus serves as an attachment point for the achilles tendon /gastrocnemius /soleus.
4) Largest bone in the foot, serves as the heel.

Question 21

Navicular

Answer 21

Palpation:

1) Helps connect the talus, or anklebone, to the cuneiform bones of the foot.
2) The tibialis posterior tendon inserts into the navicular bone.
3) The tibialis posterior is innervated by the tibial nerve.
4) Articulates proximally with the talus, distally with the three cuneiform bones, and laterally with the cuboid

Question 22

Femoral triangle

Answer 22

Palpation: Thigh area

1) Borders are sartorius, inguinal ligament, adductor longus.
2) Contains the femorla artery, vein and nerve.

Question 23

Popliteal fossa

Answer 23

Palpation: Knee pit

1) Borders are semimem/ten/dionsis, biceps femoris, gastropnemius.
2) Contents include popliteal vein and artery, sciatic nerve becomes the tibial and common fibular nerves.

Question 24

Tarsal tunnel

Answer 24

Palpation: Inside of foot

1) Borders are the talus, calcaneous, and medial malleolus. Roofed by a retinaculum.
2) Conents include tibial nerve, artery and vein, tibialis posterior, flexor hallucis longus, and flexor digitorium longus.