Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy MD3001 > Thorax > Flashcards

Thorax Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the thorax?

A

• Protection (of the heart, great vessels, lungs, major airways, liver, stomach, spleen, kidneys)
• Provides rigidity and elasticity (essential in respiration)
• Provides attachment for muscles for locomotion
• Haematopoiesis
• In respiration:
- Resists a negative intrathoracic pressure
- Works in partnership along with the diaphragm and abdominal muscles
• Connections with the upper neck and upper limbs and abdomen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe the shape of the thorax

A
  • Shape of a truncated cone

* Transverse diameter is greater than the sagittal diameter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What constitutes the thoracic cage?

A
  • Sternum
  • 12 pairs of ribs
  • Costal cartilage
  • 12 thoracic vertebrae
  • Intervertebral discs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What constitutes the thoracic wall?

A
  • Thoracic cage
  • Skin
  • Subcutaneous tissue
  • Thoracic muscles and fascia
  • 3 layers of muscles extending between the ribs i.e. intercostal space
  • Mammary glands/breast tissue in females
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the position of articular processes in the thoracic vertebrae

A

Vertical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the position of articular facets in the thoracic vertebrae and describe the effect this has on movement

A
  • Facets face slightly medially

* Allows some rotation but no flexion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which part of the rib is more transverse?

A

Posterior part

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the function of costal cartilage of the ribs?

A

Mobility and elasticity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which ribs are classed as true ribs and what are they?

A
  • Ribs 1-7

* Attached directly to the sternum through costal cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which ribs are classified as false ribs and what are they?

A
  • Ribs 8-10

* Attach indirectly to the sternum through the costal cartilage of the 7th rib

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which ribs are classified as floating ribs and what are they?

A
  • Ribs 11-12

* They do not articulate with the sternum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which ribs are typical ribs?

A

• Ribs 2-9 ( sometimes 10)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the features of typical ribs?

A
  • Head
  • Neck
  • Tubercle
  • Body
  • Costal angle
  • Costal groove
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the significance of the costal angle?

A

It is where the deep back muscles attach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How is the first rib atypical?

A
  • It has a scalene tubercle where the anterior scalene muscle attaches
  • It has a groove for the subclavian artery
  • It has a groove for the subclavian vein
  • It has a single facet on the head to articulate with the T1 vertebra only (others have 2)
  • It doesn’t have a costal groove
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which ribs are atypical?

A
  • 1
  • 2
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is atypical about the second rib?

A

• It has tuberosity for serratus anterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How is the 10th rib atypical?

A

It only has one facet for articulation with its numerically corresponding vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How are the 11th and 12th ribs atypical?

A
  • They have no neck

* One facet for articulation with their corresponding vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the parts of the sternum?

A

• Manubrium
(• Sternomanubrium joint between manubrium and body)
• Body
• Xiphoid process (xiphisternum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the level of the sternal angle?

A
  • Intervertebral disc between T4 and T5
  • Where the 2nd costal cartilage attaches to the sternum
  • Proximal and distal boundaries of the aortic arch
  • The bifurcation of the trachea
  • Superior limit of the pulmonary trunk
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where is the solar plexus region?

A

T6 (T6 dermatome = xiphisternum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where is a site of bone marrow aspiration?

A

The sternum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Describe the costovertebral joint

A
  • Each rib articulates with the superior costal facet of its corresponding vertebra and the inferior costal facet of the vertebra above (except 1, 11 and 12)
  • Synovial joint, supported by a capsule with ligaments
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Which vertebra is involved in only 1/2 a costovertebral joint?

A

T10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Which vertebra is involved in 1 and 1/2 costovertebral joints?

A

T1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Which vertebrae have 2 costal facets?

A

T2-T9

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Which vertebrae have 1 costal facet?

A
  • T11

* T12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the costotransverse joint?

A

• Joint between the tubercle of the rib (except 11 and 12) and the transverse process of its corresponding vertebra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the difference between the costotransverse joints 1-7 and 8-10?

A
  • 1-7: Curved facets allowing rotatory movement

* 8-10 have flat facets allowing gliding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How do the ribs articulate with the costal cartilage?

A

Primary cartilaginous (hyaline) joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Describe the position of the costal cartilages of ribs 1-4 and ribs 5-10

A
  • 1-4: horizontal

* 5-10 increasingly oblique

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the boundaries of the thoracic inlet (superior aperture)?

A
  • T1 vertebra
  • 1st rib
  • Costal cartilage
  • Manubrium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Describe the position of the thoracic inlet

A

• Slopes antero-inferiorly to the level of T2/3 from the transverse plane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What structures pass between the thorax and the upper limbs and the first rib?

A
  • Subclavian vein
  • Subclavian artery
  • Inferior trunk of the brachial plexus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are the boundaries of the thoracic outlet?

A
  • T12 vertebra
  • 11th and 12th ribs
  • Costal cartilages of ribs 7-10 (costal margin, costal arch)
  • Xiphoid processs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is thoracic outlet syndrome?

A

• Compression of nerves and vessels between bones
• Brachial plexus, subclavian artery, subclavian vein
• Upper surface of the first rib and the inferior surface of the clavicle as they enter the upper limb
• 3 Places:
- First rib and the clavicle
- Scalene triangle
- coracoid process and pec. minor

38
Q

What are the stages of breasts?

A
  • Pre-pubertal
  • Post pubertal
  • After pregnancy
39
Q

What are the breasts?

A
  • Accessory gland consisting of mammary glands, skin and connective tissues
  • Modified sweat glands
  • Similar structure in males and pre pubertal females
40
Q

What are Montgomery tubercles?

A

Visible portions of the areolar glands on the skin surface withins the areola

41
Q

What are the areolar glands?

A

Sebaceous glands in the breast

42
Q

Describe the position of the breasts in adult females

A
  • Between the 2nd and 6th (7th) ribs
  • From the lateral border of the sternum to the mid axillary line
  • The upper lateral section may extend towards the axilla (axillary tail of spence) (may perforate deep fascia and extend as far superiorly as the apex of the axilla)
  • Between the superficial fascia and the muscles in the deep (pectoralis) fascia
43
Q

Which muscles do the breasts sit on?

A
  • Pectoralis major

* Partially serratus anterior and external oblique muscles

44
Q

What are cooper’s ligaments?

A
  • A well developed, connective tissue stoma surrounds the ducts and lobules of the mammary gland
  • In certain regions this condenses to form suspensory ligaments of the breast
  • Connects the deep fascia to the skin
  • Support the breast
45
Q

How many lobes are the in the breast?

A

• 15-20 comprising lobules and ducts

46
Q

What is peau d’orange

A

Swelling of the breast tissue with a pitted appearance due to the cooper’s ligaments

47
Q

What is the retromammary space?

A
  • Layer of loose connective tissue between the deep layer of superficial and deep fascia
  • It provides some degree of movement over underlying structures
  • Potential space
48
Q

Breast not moving

A
  • Fixed to pec. major

* Likely that something has invaded the retromammary space

49
Q

What is the arterial supply to the medial aspect of the breast?

A

Internal thoracic artery (branch of the subclavian)

50
Q

What is the arterial supply to the lateral aspect of the breast?

A
  • Lateral thoracic and lateral thoracoacromial branches of the axillary artery
  • Lateral mammary arteries
  • Mammary branch (of the anterior intercostal artery)
  • Anterior intercostal arteries
51
Q

Lymph drainage of the areola and lateral quadrants

A

Axillary lymph nodes

52
Q

Lymph drainage of the medial quadrants

A
  • Parasternal lymph nodes

* Crosses to opposite breast by crossing the midline

53
Q

Lymph drainage of the inferior quadrants

A

• Inferior phrenic lymph nodes (which can pass through the diaphragm)

54
Q

How many pairs of intercostal spaces are there?

A

11

55
Q

What are the 3 layers of muscle in the intercostal space?

A
  • External intercostal
  • Internal intercostal
  • Innermost intercostal
56
Q

Describe the external intercostal

A
  • From the inferior edge of the rib above to the superior edge of the rib below
  • Anteriorly, the muscle fibres are replaced by external intercostal membrane
  • Raise the ribs in inspiration and prevents in drawing during inspiration
57
Q

Describe the internal intercostal

A
  • From the lateral edge of the costal groove of the rib above to the the superior edge of the rib below
  • Posteriorly, muscle fibres are replaces by internal intercostal membrane
  • Prevents in-drawing during respiration
  • Aids elastic recoil by moving the ribs inferiorly in expiration
58
Q

Describe innermost intercostal

A
  • Very thin, covers the neurovascualr bundle
  • Acts with the internal intercostal muscles
  • Deep surface is covered with endo thoracic fascia
59
Q

Transverse thoracis

A
  • Posterior to the sternum

* Internal aspect of the ribs and costal cartilages 3-6 to sternum, xiphisternum and costal margin

60
Q

Subcostalis

A
  • Lies on the posterior wall

* Lowers ribs, internal surface, near angle down to the inner surface of 2-3 ribs below

61
Q

Spinal nerve

A

• Comes out of the vertebra via the intervertebral foramen

62
Q

What are the risks relating to the spinal nerve?

A
  • Risk of compression by arthritis, fracture or disc prolapse
  • Osteoporotic fractures (collapse) of the vertebral body and facet joint arthritis may cause local and spinal nerve pain
63
Q

What happens as a spinal nerve exits the vertebra?

A

They divide into 2:
• Anterior rami- does not form a plexus, maintains its segmental pattern and become intercostal nerves (except T1, T2 and T12)
• Posterior rami

64
Q

Where do the anterior rami of the spinal nerve travel?

A

On the posterior surface on the inferior border of the ribs

65
Q

What do the intercostal nerves supply?

A
  • Intercostal muscles

* Skin

66
Q

Describe the branches of the intercostal muscles

A

Gives off a lateral cutaneous branch then anterior cutaneous branch

67
Q

What happens to the intercostal nerve once it has given off the lateral cutaneous branch?

A
  • Travels anteriorly in the spinal groove

* Becomes the anterior cutaneous branch when it gets more superficial / parasternally

68
Q

Which nerves supply the thoracic wall?

A
  • Intercostal nerves

* Supraclavicular nerves (C3-4)

69
Q

Which of the spinal nerves has no cutaneous distribution over the thorax wall?

A

T1

70
Q

What is the level of the xiphoid process?

A

T10

71
Q

What is at the level of the sternal angle?

A

• Second costal cartilage

72
Q

What does the ventral ramus of T1 go on to supply?

A
  • Small muscles of the hand
  • Skin on the medial aspect of the arm and forearm
  • muscles of the 1st intercostal space
73
Q

What is the arterial supply to the thoracic wall?

A

• Subclavian artery

  • Vertebral artery (supplies head)
  • Thyrocervical artery
  • Costocervical trunk
  • internal thoracic artery - gives off anterior intercostal

• Thoracic aorta

  • parietal branches supply wall:
  • 3rd-11th posterior intercostal arteries
  • subcostal artery (inferior to the 12th rib, suppleies the posterior abdominal wall)
  • superior phrenic artery
74
Q

What does the internal thoracic artery terminate as?

A

Superior epigastric and musculophrenic arteries

75
Q

Describe the posterior intercostal arteries

A
  • 1st and 2nd are from the supreme intercostal branch of costocervical trunk
  • 3rd-11th are from the thoracic aorta
  • 2 per space
76
Q

Coarctation of the aorta - anastomosis

A

Anastomosis of the anterior and posterior intercostal arteries form a collateral circulation

77
Q

Describe the anterior intercostal arteries

A
  • From the internal thoracic (mammary) artery
  • 2 per space in spaces 1-6
  • 7th to 10th anterior intercostal arteries are branches of the musculophrenic artery
  • 11th intercostal space and subcostal area don’t have one
78
Q

What do the anterior intercostal veins drain to?

A

The internal thoracic vein to the brachiocephalic vein

79
Q

What do posterior intercostal veins drain to?

A

Either to the brachiocephalic vein or to the superior vena cava via the azygos system

80
Q

Supply of T2

A
  • Large lateral cutaneous branch (intercostobrachial nerve) that supplies the thorax wall in the axilla and upper medial part of the upper limb
  • At risk in breast surgery
81
Q

What does the azygos system drain?

A

• Posterior part of the thorax and part of the posterior abdominal wall

82
Q

Where does the azygos vein begin?

A
  • Lumbar and subcostal veins

* and/or direct branch of the inferior vena cava

83
Q

How does the azygos vein enter the thorax?

A

In the aortic hiatus at T12

84
Q

Describe the position of the azygos vein in the thorax

A
  • Ascends in the posterior mediastinum
  • passes posterior to the right lung hilum
  • Arches and opens up into the superior vena cava (connects the inferior and superior vena cava)
85
Q

Describe the origin and the route of the hemiazygos vein

A
  • Has connections to the left renal vein
  • Passes thorough or behind the left crus of the diaphragm
  • Crosses at approx T9 and joins the azygos
86
Q

Describe the route of the accessory hemiazygos

A
  • Descends from the 4th intercostal space
  • Crosses to the right at approx T8
  • Can open into the azygos, hemiazygos or both
87
Q

Anterior lymph drainage of the thorax

A
  • Parasternal nodes

* Bronchomediastinal trunks

88
Q

Posterior drainage of the thorax

A
  • Intercostal nodes

* Thoracic duct (inferiorly) or bronchomediastinal trunks (superiorly)

89
Q

where do superficial structures drain to (lymph)

A

Axillary nodes

90
Q

Where are the most common fractures of the ribs and why?

A

Between 3 and 10

• Ribs 1 and 2 are well protected and the last 2 give way (however they may penetrate)

Anatomy MD3001 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions