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Anatomy > Thorax > Flashcards

Thorax Flashcards

1
Q

What do Cooper ligaments do?

A

Connect skin to mammary gland to deep fascia

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2
Q

How does orange-peel breast skin appear?

A

Breast tumor tights Cooper ligaments

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3
Q

What arteries make blood supply to the breast

A
  • internal thoracic a. (from subclavian a.)

- lateral thoracic a. (from axillary a.)

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4
Q

Which nerves could be damaged by radical mastectomy?

A
  • long thoracic nerve (m. serrates anterior)

- thoracodorsal nerve (m. latissimus dorsi)

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5
Q

When metastasis can spread to opposite breast?

A

When tumor is located in the medial part of breast

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6
Q

When premature infant can born alive?

A

After 25th week, when pneumocytes I and II are formed

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7
Q

What causes tracheoesophageal fistula?

A

Failure in development of tracheoesophageal septum

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8
Q

Name causes of pulmonary hypoplasia

A
  • congenital diaphragmatic hernia (-> high pressure)

- bilateral renal agenesis (-> oligohydramnios -> high pressure)

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9
Q

Name parts of parietal pleura

A
  • costal
  • diaphragmatic
  • mediastinal
  • cervical
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10
Q

Name pleural recesses

A
  • costodiaphragmatic

- costomediastinal

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11
Q

Name lung surfaces:

A
  • costal
  • diaphragmatic
  • mediastinal
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12
Q

What’s the name of the tumor at apex of the lung?

A

Pancoast tumor (could be reason of Horner syndrome)

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13
Q

Name the borders of the lung lobes

A

Right lung: - superior lobe: to 4th rib

              - middle lobe: from 4th to 6th rib
              - inferior lobe: from 6th rib and posterior

Left lung: - superior lobe: to 6th rib
- inferior lobe: from 6th rib and posterior

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14
Q

Name lymphatic nodes of the lungs

A
  • bronchopulmonary
  • tracheobronchial
  • bronchomediastinal
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15
Q

What structures does right lymphatic duct drainage?

A
  • right head
  • right hand
  • right thorax

(the rest of the body - thoracic duct)

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16
Q

What is Kartagener syndrome?

A

Absence of dynein in cilia -> immotile spermatozoa and respiratory inflammations

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17
Q

From which cells bronchial metastatic tumors do arise?

A

APUD cells (Kulchitsky cells)

18
Q

What do Clara cells do?

A

Produce detoxic substance, are stem cells for ciliary cells. Located in terminal bronchioles

19
Q

Cystic fibrosis is failure in Cl transport in which cells of the respiratory tract?

A

Clara cells

20
Q

Which hormones make influence on surfactant production by Pnemocytes II?

A
  • corticosteroids ant thyroxin stimulate surfactant production
  • insulin reduces surfactant production
21
Q

Name all the components of the primitive heart tube

A

1) Truncus arteriosus (-> aorta, pulmonary trunk)
2) Bulbus cordis (smooth part of ventricles)
3) Primitive ventricle (rough part of ventricles)
4) Primitive atrium (rough part of atriums)
5) Sinus venous (smooth part of atriums)

22
Q

How is atrial septation going on?

A

1) Septum Primum is growing down from the top of an atrium
2) Formation of Foramen Primum (between Septum Primum and endocardial cushion (neural crest cells in the middle of the heart))
3) Formation of Foramen Secundum (by apoptosis)
4) Closure of Foramen Primum
5) Septum Secundum is growing from the top of an atrium (future limbus of Fossa Ovalis)
6) High pressure in RA pushes elastic Septum Primum out of Septum Secundum (-> Foramen Ovale)

23
Q

How is venticular septation going on?

A

1) Muscular septum is growing up from ventricle

2) Aorticopulmonary septum (from migrated neural crest cells) is growing down

24
Q

How does Foramen Ovale close?

A

1) Closure of Umbilical Veins decreases pressure in RA
2) 1st breathe increases pressure in LA
=> elastic Septum Primum is pushed to tough Septum Secundum

25
Q

What causes Primum type of Arterial Septum Defect (ASD)?

A

Failure of Foramen Primum to close due to failure in neural crest cells migration to endocardial cushion

  • located near the valve
  • can be associated with valve defects and other neural crest cells migration defects
26
Q

What causes Secundum type of Arterial Septum Defect (ASD)?

A

Too much apoptosis in formation of Foramen Secundum in Septum Primum
- located near Fossa ovalis
= persistent Foramen Ovale

27
Q

What causes Tetralogy of Fallot?

A

Aorticopulmonary septum dislocation to the right (neural crest cells migration defect)

28
Q

What causes Persistent Truncus Arteriosus?

A

Absence of Aorticopulmonary septum (neural crest cells migration defect)

29
Q

What causes Transposition of the Great Vessels?

A

Aorticopulmonary septum fails to spiral (neural crest cells migration defect)

30
Q

How does Ductus Arteriosis close?

A

1) high O2 level

2) low prostaglandins level

31
Q

What should we prescribe if we want to close Ductus Arteriosis in premature infant?

A

1) O2 by mask

2) Inhibitors of prostaglandins (indomethacin)

32
Q

What should we prescribe if we want Ductus Arteriosis to be opened because of Transposition of the Great Vessels?

A

O2 (despite the risk of DA closure) with prostaglandins

33
Q

How is Arterial Supply to the Heart going on?

A

Right Coronary Artery (supplies RA and RV)

  • SA nodal a.
  • AV nodal a.
  • Posterior interventricular a. (supplies posterior 1/3 of interventricular septum)

Left Coronary Artery

  • Left interventricular a. (aka Lateral Anterior Descending a. (LAD) supplies anterior LV wall, apex, bundle of His and anterior 2/3 of interventricular septum)
  • Circumflex Artery (left and posterior walls of the heart => LA and LV)
34
Q

How is venous drainage of the heart going on?

A

1) Coronary Sinus (to RA)
2) Great cardiac vein (to CS)
3) Middle cardiac vein (to CS)
4) Venae cordis Minima
5) Anterior Cardiac Vein

35
Q

How is innervation of the heart going on?

A

1) Parasympathetic innervation
- by n. Vagus
- sensory fibers through n. Vagus -> Medulla (no pain)

2) Sympathetic innervation
- by T1-T4
- sensory fibers through sympathetic nerves -> T1-T4 -> brain (pain feeling)

36
Q

Name parts of the Mediastinum

A

1) Superior (border - Loui’s angle line)
2) Inferior
- anterior (chest - ant. pericardium)
- middle (pericardium and heart)
- posterior (post. pericardium - vertebrae)

37
Q

Name structures of Anterior Mediastinum

A
  • fat

- thymus (lower part)

38
Q

Name structures of Middle Mediastinum

A
  • pericardium

- heart

39
Q

Name structures of Posterior Mediastinum

A
  • thoracic (descending) aorta
  • esophagus (posterior to LA (!) and right main bronchus)
  • Thoracic duct (posterior to the esophagus, comes through diaphragm with aorta)
  • Azygos system of veins (SVC IVC)
40
Q

Name structures of Superior Mediastinum

A
  • Thymus (upper part)
  • Right and Left Brachiocephalic Veins
  • Aortic arch and 3 arteries
  • Trachea
  • Esophagus (posterior to the trachea)
  • Right and Left n. Vagus (give R and L Recurrent n.)
  • Phrenic nerves (C3,4,5)
  • Thoracic duct
41
Q

How do recurrent nerves come?

A
  • Right Recurrent nerve in the neck, right under r. subclavian artery
  • Left Recurrent nerve in the superior mediastinum, under aortic arch)

=> left Recurrent could be damaged by mediastinal tumor

42
Q

What characterizes postductal coarctation of the aorta?

A

1) high pressure in the upper body and low pressure in the lower body
2) collateral circulation between thoracic aorta and internal thoracic a. (branch of the. subclavian a.) is provided by intercostal arteries => costal notching on imaging

Anatomy (6 decks)

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